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ECU BIOL 2110 - Exam 4 Study Guide

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Biol 2110 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 11-13Lecture 11 (April 1)Malaria- Plasmodium – parasites for human causing malariao P. falciparumo P. vivaxo P. malariaeo P. ovale- Plasmodium knowlesi – usually infect monkeys, some human cases of malaria have also occurred; South-East Asia- Anopheles spp mosquito – vector for Plasmodiumo Human - asexual phase – exoerythrocytic and erythrocytico Mosquito – sexual phase- Life cycle of the Malaria Parasite- Pathogenesiso Livero Blood- Dormancy- Diagnosis: blood smear, several red blood cells have ring stages inside them- Know the classic symptoms!!o Slide 13 and 14 in the notes- Treatment: quinine and derivatives/artemesinin and derivatives, ACT for P. falciparum- Prevention: insecticide, insect-repellent, environmental controls, chemoprophylaxis- No vaccines against malariaLecture 12 (April 8) Nutrition and Growth/Genetics- Temp: psychro, meso, thermo- pH: acido, alkali/baso, halo, osmo- Know prefixes and suffixes- Examples of combinations: obligate – necessary, eurythermic – wide range- Microbes are very old- Prokaryotes – handle a lot- Archaea – extremists- Eukaryotes – hot as extreme- Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm: 96% SPONCH – Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen- Life: nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, lipids- Hetero – organic- Auto – inorganic - Troph – consumer- Energy Source – Chemotroph and Phototroph- KNOW SLIDE 8!- Metabolism: catabolism and anabolism- Saprobes and Parasites- Temperature: mammals maintain temp in a range, birds maintain, all other cannot maintain- Know the 3 cardinal temperatures- Know the 3 temperatures adaptation group - Peak of graph = optimum temperature- Gas requirements: oxygen and carbon dioxide, capnophiles- Aerobes: obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophilic- Anaerobes: obligate anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobes- Effects of pH – acidophiles, alkalinophiles, neutrophils- Heliobacter pylon – gram negative- Osmotic Pressureo Halophileso Osmophileso Osmotolerant- Barophiles- The Population Growth Curveo Lag Phaseo Exponential Growth Phaseo Stationary Phaseo Death Phase- Batch Culture- Most pathogens have a relatively short doubling time- Turbidometry- Genome, chromosome, extrachromosomal- Phenotype vs. Genotype- DNA – antiparallel- A=T, C=G- Semiconservative - DNA- DNA  transcription  RNA  translation  Protein- RNA Types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA- 3 nucleotides = 1 amino acid- Codons for amino acids – 64 possibilities, AUG is the start codon- Ex. CCG – codon GGC – anticodon- Know translation elongation- Termination: UAA, UAG, UGA- Know the categories of mutations- The AMES Test- 3 means for genetic recombination in bacteriao Conjugation – F factor – fertility factor, piluso Transformation – competento Transduction – donor, phages- Know slide 38, generalized transduction- Transposons – jumping genes- Nonsense and WildtypeLecture 13 (April 15) Viruses- Virion, capsid – capsomers, nucleoscapsid, envelope- Types of Capsids: helical, icosahedral, complex- Viral Envelope – spikes- Viral Multiplicationo Recognition and Adsorptiono Penetrationo Synthesiso Assemblyo Release – HIV-1, budding and lysis- 2 methods to get into cellso Endocytosis – eats ito Direct fusion – deposits into cell membrane- Synthesis – viral genome- RNA viruses – single strain, positive-sense RNA vs. negative-sense RNA, reverse transcription- DNA Viruseso Poxviridae - smallpoxo Herpesviridae – chicken pox and Burkitt’s lymphomao Papillomaviridae – cancero Hepadnaviridae – affects liver, Hep. A,B,C, only DNA viruso Parvoviridae – only single strand, rash- RNA Viruseso Picornsviridae – polioo Togaviridae – rubellao Coronaviridae – yellow fevero Orthomyxoviridae – Spanish FIV, fluo Paramycoviridae – common cold, measles, mumpso Bunyaviridae - hantaviruso Filoviridae – filovirus, Marburg viruso Arenaviridae – hemorrhagic fevero Reoviridae – rotavirus- VZV – chicken pox and shingles- Nipah Virus – reservoir are fruit bats (flying fox), first recognized in 1999, spreading, not under control- Oncoviruses – cause cancer, ex. DNA tumor viruses and RNA tumor viruses- CPE – virus-induced damage to cells- Prions – misfolded proteins, mad cow disease*****Also be sure you know how to convert in the metric system, read the extra credit articles from the link from the syllabus, study the quizlet vocabulary and you should ace this exam,


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