Psych 111 1st Edition Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture Social Psychology: Social CognitionI. What is social psychology?II. Distinction: Personality psychology/SociologyIII. AttributionsIV. AttitudesOutline of Current Lecture SOCIAL BEHAVIORPart 1 = Being in the presence of others• Individual performance• Group performancePart 2 = Social context and helping/aggressionBystander effectDeindividuationSocial rolePart 3 = Social influenceObedienceConformityComplianceCurrent LectureSOCIAL BEHAVIORCHAPTER 13- SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY2 SUB-CATEGORIES: Social Cognition, Social BehaviorWHY SHOULD YOU CARE?We are always around other peopleYour performance is affected by it!Performer (musician, actor, dancer, etc)Group project?Give presentation?Playing sports?SOCIAL BEHAVIORPart 1 = Being in the presence of othersoIndividual performanceoGroup performancePart 2 = Social context and helping/aggressionBystander effectDeindividuationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Social rolePart 3 = Social influenceObedienceConformityComplianceIN THE PRESENCE OF OTHERSwhen trying to perform well on a task, does it hurt or help if others watch?SOCIAL FACILITATIONSocial Facilitation: Mere presence of others can enhance performanceARE WE ALWAYS A BETTER PERFORMER IN FRONT OF THE OTHERS?PERHAPS NOT…Social inhibitionThe mere presence of others disrupts or hinders performance (e.g., completing a maze orcomplex math problems)SOCIAL FACILITATION (ZAJONC)How an audience affects our performance depends on the type of task:THE INFLUENCE OF OTHERS ON..Individual performanceGroup performanceTHE INFLUENCE OF OTHERS ON GROUP PERFORMANCESocial LoafingThe tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a commongoal than when they are individually accountable.HOW CAN WE REDUCE SOCIAL LOAFING?Make individuals feel their contribution is important and visible .Provide consequences for success and failure.Make task challenging and important to all.HOW SOCIAL CONTEXT CAN MAKE US NOT SO NICE PEOPLEBystander effectDeindividuationSocial role (Stanford prison experiment)BYSTANDER EFFECT:Nobody acts under the assumption that someone else willWHAT IS DEINDIVIDUATION?Uninhibited behavior when individual anonymousWHAT IS DEINDIVIDUATION?“Reduced inhibition, consciousness, or responsibilityDue to anonymity”WHAT IS SOCIAL ROLE?Social roles are the part people play as members of a social group.ZIMBARDO’S STUDY OF SOCIAL ROLESSOCIAL ROLEDo the people make the place violentordoes the place make the people violent?SUMMARY OF PART 1 & PART 2Being in the presence of others can:Influence individual performanceInfluence group performanceHelping behaviorAggressive behaviorPRACTICE QUESTIONAssuming you have studied for the test and know the material well, you should take the test______ because it will result in ______.A. With others; social loafingB. Alone; social facilitationC. With others; social facilitationD. Alone; evaluation apprehensionPRACTICE QUESTIONWhen people are working in a group rather than individually, people are less likely to workhard. This is called:A. Social inhibitionB. DeindividuationC. Social loafingD. Social facilitationPRACTICE QUESTIONAccording to the bystander effect, if you needed help you would be more likely to get it if:A. Many people were presentB. Scream as loud as you canC. Few people were presentD. Nobody knew youTYPES OF SOCIAL INFLUENCEConformityChanging behavior because of real or imagined group pressureObedienceChanging behavior following direct commands from authority figureComplianceChanging behavior following request without perceived authorityWHY DO PEOPLE CONFORM?Informational conformity: conformity from accepting evidence provided by other people- Motivated by desire to be accurateWHY DO PEOPLE CONFORM?Normative conformity: conformity based on a desire to fulfill others’ expectationsMotivated by desire to be acceptedCONFORMITY TO TRENDSTrends can be good and badThink of a trend you “conformed” toWhy? Informational or normative influence?CULTURAL VARIATION IN CONFORMITY AND OBEDIENCECollectivistic cultures encourage more conformity than individualistic cultureHigher levels of conformity in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic culturesCONFORMITYInformational conformityNormative conformityCulture and conformityWhen do people conform?WHEN DO PEOPLE CONFORM?1. Group size2. Importance3. Unanimity With even one dissenter, conformity decreases substantially4. Cohesion Members of cohesive groups conform morePRACTICE QUESTIONTom is a new student at his university. During the first week of classes, he notices a fellowstudent from one of his classes getting on a bus. Tom decides to follow the student anddiscovers that this bus takes him right to the building where his class meets. This bestillustrates what kind of conformity?A. Normative conformityB. Public complianceC. Informational conformityD. ObedienceOBEDIENCEA change in behavior or belief as a result of the commands of others in authorityThe Milgram Obedience ExperimentFACTORS INFLUENCING OBEDIENCEPrestige/status of the authorityBridgeport, CT instead of YaleProximity of victimProximity of the authorityAssignment of responsibilityGradual increase (kind of like foot-in-the-door)Presence of others who disobeyCOMPLIANCEYielding to a request for certain behaviors or agreement to a particular point of viewFOOT IN THE DOORWillingness to comply to a larger request after first complying with a smaller requestWhy do we say yes?We like to be consistentDOOR IN THE FACEAsking for a larger favor first and then retreating to a smaller favorWhy do we say yes?Reciprocation: “Meeting someone halfway”TODAY’S CLASS: SUMMARY3 TRUTHS#1 = it is impossible to spend your life alone#2 = the social situations and people in our lives shape an incredible amount of ourthoughts and actions# 3 = we often fail to appreciate this powerSO…use this insight to ace the