CHEM 101 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture II. Acidsa. Strong acidsb. Weak acidsIII. Basea. Strong bases b. Weak basesIV. Neutralization reactions Outline of Current Lecture I. Organic Chemistry a. Organic compoundsII. AlkanesIII. AlkenesIV. AlkynesV. Cyclic compoundsVI. Ether a. Functional GroupsCurrent LectureI. Organic Chemistry- everything we have seen so face has been inorganic. a. Organic Compounds: are composed of carbon and hydrogen atomsi. Elements such as sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus can be found as minor components of organic compounds.b. Inorganic Compounds: are composed of elements other than carbon or hydrogen. a. Alkanes have the general formula CnH(2n+2) II. Alkanes: the simplest class of organic compounds. They are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. a. Structural formula: this shows not only the type and number of atoms present ina molecule but also the way these atoms are arranged.b. Rules for writing out the structural formula of Alkanes:1. Carbon atoms bond together to form a chain2. Carbon always has a total of 4 bonds These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Hydrogen has only on bondc. Examples of Alkanes, their structural formula can be seen on the next paged. Organic Hydrocarbon Prefixes1. Meth-2. Eth-3. Prop-4. But-5. Pent-6. Hex-7. Hept-8. Oct-9. Non-10. Dec-e. Naming Alkanes:i. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.ii. Identify and name groups attached to this chain.iii. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a substituentgroup. iv. Designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name.v. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order using the full name (e.g. cyclopropyl before isobutyl).vi. The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing.f. They have an –ane ending.g. Line Structure: hydrogen atoms aren’t typically shown when bonded to a carbon.It resembles a zigzag. Each point representing one carbon. The hydrogen’s are assumed. See text for exampleIII. Alkenes a. Organic compounds that contain double bonds are known as alkenesb. They have the general formula CnH2n c. They have an –ene endingd. The rules for drawing the structural formula, condensed structural formula and line structure still applye. As the length of the carbon chain increases there are more possible locations for a double bond i. The placement of the double bond with in the molecule effects the nature of the compound f. Isomers: 2 compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas i. Distinguishing one isomer from another requires a systematic method for naming the compoundg. Trace amounts: during the synthesis of a compound it’s common for trace amounts of isomers to be formed. h. The IUPAC Rules for Naming Alkenes1. Number the carbon atoms from left to righta. Then number them again from right to left2. Indicate the carbon chain length by using the carbon prefixes3. Add the –ene ending to the name4. Choose the structure that has the double bond between the lowercarbon atom valuesa. The lower of these two values is used to name the compoundIV. Alkynesa. Organic compounds containing triple bonds between carbons b. The simplest alkyne is ethynec. General formula: CnH2n-2 d. Ending in –ynee. The rules for drawing the structural formula, condensed formula and line structure still applyf. Alkynes also form isomers which results from the triple bond being located in different places along the carbon chain g. Naming Branched-Chain Isomers:i. Find the longest unbranced carbon chain ii. Number the carbon atoms so that the carbon atom with the branch attached has the lowest prefixes in the table below1. Methyl2. Ethyl3. Propyl4. Butyl5. Pentyl6. Hexyl7. Octyl8. Nonyl9. Decyliii. Indicate the name of the compound with the carbon prefixes and the –ane ending applied to the name of the carbon atoms in the longest branchiv. If a branch appears more than once, use the prefixes di, tri, tetra, etc.v. In front of the name, indicate the location of the branches by writing the numbers if the carbon atoms at which the branches are located, separated by commasV. Cyclic compounds:a. cycloakanes: the simplest ring structure, consists of crabon atom in rings connected with single bondsi. Cyclopropane:ii. Cyclobutane:iii. Cyclopentane:iv. Cyclohexane:VI. Ethersa. When an oxygen is simply bonded between two carbon atoms. b. This is called an Ether Functional Groupc. Functional Group: Is an atom or group of atoms in an organic compound that imparts a distinct set of physical and chemical properties to the moleculei. Naming Ethers1. The name of the ether starts with the name of the shorted R group, using carbon prefixes modified with the ending –oxy 2. The name of the longest R group makes up the remainder of the