Psych 111 1st EditionFinal Exam(# 3) Study Guide Lectures: 16- 23The Nature of Personality Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness- Consistency across situations, core of personality. - Distinctiveness: set of traits.- Personality explains 1) stability in a person’s behavior over time and across situations, 2) the behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation. - Personality refers to an individual’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits. Personality Traits: Dispositions and Dimensions- Personality trait: durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. - Cattell: used statistical procedure of factor analysis to reduce personality traits. - Factor analysis: correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables. (16 personalities).The Five Factor Model of Personality Traits- McCrae and Costa: used five-factor model of personality.- 1) Extraversion: outgoing, positive emotionality, pursue social contact, intimacy, and interdependence.- 2) Neuroticism: anxious, hostile, self-conscious, negative emotionally. More impulsive, emotionally unstable.- 3) Openness to experience: curiosity, flexibility, imaginative, artistic sensitivity. - 4) Agreeableness: sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, straightforward. - 5) Conscientiousness: disciplined, well-organized, punctual, dependable, constraint, self-discipline. - Big Five Traits and socioeconomic status. - Conscientious and extroversion rise with social status.- Theories for personality share certain assumptions, emphases, and interest on psychodynamicperspectives, behavioral perspectives, humanist, biological. Psychodynamic Perspectives- Psychodynamic theories include all diverse theories, descended from work of Sigmund Freud, focus on unconscious mental forces. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory- Psychoanalytic theory: explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusingon the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with sexual and aggressive urges. - Made others uncomfortable: people not in control of own minds, own destinies, and emphasized great importance of how cope w/ sexual urges. Structure of Personality- Id: primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to pleasure principle.(raw biological urges).• Pleasure principle: demands immediate gratification of its urges. • Id engages primary-process thinking, primitive, illogical, irrational, fantasy oriented.- Ego: decision-making component of personality that operates according to reality principle.• Mediates b/n id and desires for immediate satisfaction and external social world with its expectations and norms regarding suitable behavior.• Reality principle: seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. • Secondary-process thinking: rational, realistic, oriented toward problem solving. • Strives to avoid negative consequences from society and its representatives. Behave properly. Achieve long- range goals. - Superego: moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. • Emerges around age 3-5. Over superego feelings of guilt.- Id, ego, superego spread across 3 levels of awareness.Levels of Awareness- Slips of tongue, dreams: hidden desires. - Levels of awareness, unconscious with conscious and preconscious. - Conscious: whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time. - Preconscious: material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved. - Unconscious: thoughts, memories, desires that are well below the surface of consciousawareness but that nonetheless exert great influence of behavior. - Ego and superego operate at all three levels of awareness,id is entirely unconscious expressing urges at a conscious level t/ ego. - id’s desires for immediate satisfaction often trigger internal conflicts w/ ego and superego. Conflict and Tyranny of Sex and Aggression- Sex and aggression subject to more complex and ambiguous social controls than otherbasic motives.- Sexual and aggressive drives are thwarted more regularly than other basic biological urges. Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms- Defense mechanisms largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt. - Rationalization: creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior. - Repression: keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in unconscious. “motivated forgetting.” - Projection :attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. - Displacement: diverting emotional feelings *usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target. - Reaction formation: behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings.- Regression: reversion to immature patterns of behavior. - Identification: bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance w/ some person or group. - Sublimation: occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable perhaps even admirable behaviors. Development: Psychosexual Stages- Psychosexual stages are developmental periods w/ a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality. - Each stage has a challenge or tasks, shape personality. Process of fixation: a failure to move forward from one stag to another as expected. - Fixation stalls development, can be caused by excessive gratification of needs at a particular stage or by excessive frustration of those needs. Left over from childhood affect adult personality.• Oral Stage: 1st year of life. Feeding experience crucial to development, fixation at oral stage could form basis for obsessive eating or smoking later in life.• Anal Stage: toilet training, represents society’s first systematic effort to regulate a child’s biological urges. Heavy reliance on punitive measures could lead to an association b/n genital concerns and anxiety that punishment arouses. • Phallic Stage: Oedipal complex emerges. Girls develop penis envy. In Oedipal complex children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent. W/o resolution, identification, sex typing, conscience won’t develop as they should. • Latency and