Lecture 18Current LectureChapter 18: Deviance and SportDefinitionsDeviant behavior: Behavior that is beyond “normal” behavior; can be good or badSociety decides what is “normal”Underconformity: Breaking the rules, not adhering to normsOverconformity: Internalizing the rules to the extremeDiscussion:What examples of underconformity and overconformity in sport have you witnessed or been a part of?Taking the rules to the extreme, referees calling every foul. Training to the point of exhaustion.Rule Breaking in SportOccurs accidentally and intentionally.Probably less of this behavior now with increase in officiating, media, TV replays.Organizations promote good behavior.Include steeper penalties for different typesExamples of Rule BreakingModifying equipmentCommitting intentional foulsFaking injuries for time-outsParticipating in brawlsOften done for strategic advantageDiscussion:What should be the limit of acceptance for strategic rule breaking?Roles of Excitement and EmotionAthletesStress of competitionConsumed by emotionOptimal levels of arousal and intensityFansIncrease in excitement and arousal with tailgating, alcohol useHooliganismTypically associated with soccerGreat BritainIt is plannedViolence in SocietyMedia exposure and occasional leniency to accused offenders who are athletes give perception that athletes are more violent than other segments of society.Sport mirrors society in violent acts and acceptance of violent acts.On-Field Violence in SportDemands of collision and contact sportsEnforcer rolesSocietal view of masculinity encouraging warrior mentalityPart of the game (5 for fighting, NFL’s Dirtiest Player)For Hockey: five minute penalty for fightingConrad Dover: played for the Saint Louis Cardinals before they moved to ArizonaExamples: Todd Bertuzzi, Ron ArtestTodd Bertuzzi: hockey player, paralyzed another player named Steve MooreRon Artest: (Now named Worldpeace) Played for the Pacers. went to the scorer’s table, and went into the stands and attacked a fan who threw a cup of coke at him. Known as Malice at the Palace. Germane O’Neil from Columbia also on the team.Off-Field Violence in SportUnclear if on-field violence leads to off-field violence.No concrete evidence.Alcohol use escalates violence incidence (athletes more prone to binge drinking).Some sports may not cause more violent off-field behavior, but rather attract people who are already more violent.Cannot say what is the cause of violence in sportChallenges to manhood occur off the field.Violence Against WomenThree-year study:Athletes make up 3% of college population (all colleges in U.S), but account for 19% of sexual assaults and 35% of domestic assaults on campus.Only statistics for incidents that are reportedAthletes commit one in three sexual assaults. (overall, not just college, reported incidents)General population conviction rate is 80% (4 out of 5) for sexual assaults, but only 38% for athletes. (2 out of 5)Sense of entitlementPeople tell you all the time how much they want you and then one time someone says they do not and you don’t believe themConsequences of On-Field Violent BehaviorShortened careers (and reduced earnings)Pressure to return from injuries, regardless of sourceConcussions: a change in view recentlyNegative publicity for teams, leagues, organizationsPoor behavior modelingDiscussion:How can athletes, coaches, fans, organizations, and the media reduce violence in sport settings?Performance Enhancers (PEDs)Athletes may use steroids and other drugs to enhance athletic performance:Increased use and scandals among athletes (Jose Canseco—first baseball player to openly admit to doing steroids, Bode Miller—Olympic skier)Random drug testing in Olympics and some professional leagues (MLB congressional hearings)Steve CoursonPlayed at USC his senior football season was 1976 and went to the NFL originally from PA area played for the Steelers. Offensive guard. After playing career was over, he needed a heart transplant because of his extensive PED use. Testified before Congress about detrimental effects of PED use.Not a new phenomenon, but more media exposureTypes of Drugs Used by Modern AthletesPrescription, over-the-counter: Promote healing; mask pain; risks are long term.Long term risk: liver damageStimulants: In use for decades; increase arousal and energy levels.More known for baseball. Plays 162 games a year, you put a lot of strain on your body.Anabolic steroids: Increase muscle size, speed, and strength; improves ability of muscles to train quickly after exhaustion.Does it actually make you stronger or does it let you heal faster so you can train harder and more oftenOthers: HGH, doping, amino acids.Human growth hormoneAnabolic-Androgenic SteroidsTestosterone - Primary Natural Male HormoneAlso present in females in lesser amountsAndrogenicMasculinizing Effects- Growth of Facial Hair- Growth of Body Hair- Deepening of the Voice- AcneAnabolicTissue-Building Effects- Increases in Muscle Cell Size- Increases in Strength?Reasons for UseAccepted Medical UsesTo Enhance Athletic PerformanceTo Improve AppearanceBuilding tissue back after injuriesFirst places it was used was for burn victimsWho is the most alarming group of steroid users today?Young adolescents who have not finished developing yet but using steroids because they want to look goodMethods of AdministrationOrallySwallowing somethingSublingually, absorbed through tongueBy Injection (Intramuscularly)By a shot given into the muscle. Not put into one of your veins. Most often muscle used is the butt.TopicallyPut on the skin and absorbed through itGroups of UsersCollege AthletesOlympic AthletesWeightliftersProfessional AthletesAdolescent Age School Children (most troubling)OthersEffects of Steroid UseShort-Term vs. Long-TermPhysical and Physiological vs. PsychologicalIrritability (Roid Rage)While you’re taking steroid you feel confident and invincibleLong-Term Effects not very well documented.Liver damage, heart diseaseNot well documented because people tried to hide that they were taking them.Shrinkage of the testicles.Many short-term effects are reversible when use ceases.Key PointIn London 2012 Olympics, there was a record number of drug tests.More than 5,000 blood and urine tests will be administered, and a few weeks later, an additional 1,200 tests will be carried out at the Paralympics at the same venue (Beikoff 2010b).Potential Issues with Drug UseGrowing rejection by fans, parents, kidsWithdrawal of