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UM BIOH 370 - Urinary System Day 3
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BIOH 370 1st Edition Lecture 27Outline of Last Lecture Urinary System Day 2I. Substances Reabsorbed/Excreted in Urine DailyII. The Renal TubuleIII. Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephronsa. Cortical Nephronsb. Juxtamedullary NephronsIV. Tubular Reabsorption and Secretiona. Transcellular Routeb. Paracellular RouteV. Transport Mechanisms in the PCTVI. Late PCT- Passive ReabsorptionVII. Reabsorption in the Loop of HenleVIII. Reabsorption in Early DCTIX. Reabsorption in the Late Convoluting Tubules and Collecting Ductsa. Principal Cellsb. Intercalated DiscsX. ADH Regulation of Water ReabsorptionXI. Hormonal Regulation of Reabsorption/Secretion ChartThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XII. Regulation of Urine Concentration and VolumeOutline of Current Lecture Urinary System Day 3I. Formation of Dilute/Concentrated Urine- Countercurrent Multiplier- Countercurrent ExchangeII. Summary of Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion in the Nephron and Collecting DuctIII. Urine- Collection and Flow through Kidney- Kidney Function- Characteristics of Normal Urine ChartIV. Renal ClearanceV. Chart of Abnormal Constituents of UrineVI. Ureters, Bladder and Urethra in FemaleVII. Male and Female UrethrasVIII. Micturition= urinationIX. Pontine Control Centers X. Urinary System Developmental AspectsCurrent LectureUrinary System Day 3I. Formation of Dilute/Concentrated Urine- Dilute Urine-o Tubule Osmolarity: ↑ in descending limb ↓ in ascending limb ↓ in collecting ducto Thick Ascending LimbSymporters actively resorb Na+, K+, Cl–Low water permeablilitySolutes leave, water stays in tubuleo Collecting DuctLow water permeability in absence of ADH- Concentrated Urineo Juxtamedullary Nephrons with long loopso Osmotic gradient is created by the Countercurrent Multipliero Solutes pumped out of ascending limb, but water stays in tubuleo Medulla osmolarity isincreased- Countercurrent Multipliero In presence of ADH, collecting ducts become very permeable to water-via aquaporinso Tubular fluid there becomes very concentrated.o Movement of water also carries urea into the medulla, contributing toits osmolarity.- Countercurrent Exchangeo Loop and duct cells require nutrients and oxygen from blood supply.o Capillaries that feed them (vasa recta) form loops like those of nephron loops in the medulla.o Incoming and outgoing blood will have similar osmolarity.o This maintains medulla concentration gradientII. Summary of Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion in the Nephron and Collecting Duct1. Glomerulus= filtration 2. PCT= reabsorption and some secretion PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE Reabsorption (into blood) of filtered: Water 65% (osmosis) Na+ 65% (sodium–potassium pumps, symporters, antiporters) K+ 65% (diffusion) Glucose 100% (symporters and facilitated diffusion) Amino acids 100% (symporters and facilitated diffusion) Cl– 50% (diffusion) HCO3– 80–90% (facilitated diffusion) Urea 50% (diffusion)Ca2+, Mg2+ variable (diffusion) Secretion (into urine) of: H+ variable (antiporters)NH4+ variable, increases in acidosis (antiporters) Urea variable (diffusion) Creatinine small amount At end of PCT, tubular fluid is still isotonic to blood (300 mOsm/liter). NEPHRON LOOP Reabsorption (into blood) of: Water 15% (osmosis in descending limb) Na+ 20–30% (symporters in ascending limb) K+ 20–30% (symporters in ascending limb) CI– 35% (symporters in ascending limb) HCO3– 10–20% (facilitated diffusion) Ca2+, Mg2+ variable (diffusion) Secretion (into urine) of: Urea variable (recycling from collecting duct) At end of nephron loop, tubular fluid is hypotonic (100–150 mOsm/liter). RENAL CORPUSCLE Glomerular filtration rate: 105–125 mL/min of fluid that is isotonic to blood Filtered substances: water and all solutes present in blood (except proteins) including ions, glucose, amino acids, creatinine, uric acid EARLY DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE Reabsorption (into blood) of: Water 10–15% (osmosis) Na+ 5% (symporters) CI– 5% (symporters) Ca2+ variable (stimulated by parathyroid hormone) LATE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCTReabsorption (into blood) of: Water 5–9% (insertion of water channels stimulated by ADH) Na+ 1–4% (sodium–potassium pumps and sodium channels stimulated by aldosterone) HCO3– variable amount, depends on H+ secretion (antiporters) Urea variable (recycling to nephron loop) Secretion (into urine) of: K+ variable amount to adjust for dietary intake (leakage channels) H+ variable amounts to maintain acid–base homeostasis (H+ pumps) Tubular fluid leaving the collecting duct is dilute when ADH level is low and concentrated when ADH level is high. Urine Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.3. Loop of Henle- Descending loop= reabsorption of waterAscending Loop= No water reabsorption, but Na, K, and Cl exchange4. DCT= mostly reabsorption of water and electrolytes5. Late DCT and Collecting Duct= where decision about how much reabsorption should occur to be excreted- based on BP, volume, osmolality and osmolarity. III. Urine- Collection and Flow through Kidney:o Papillao Tip of pyramid; releases urine into minor calyxo Renal pelviso The funnel-shaped tube within the renal sinuso Major calyceso The branching channels of the renal pelvis that Collect urine from minor calyces  Empty urine into the pelviso Urine flows from the pelvis to ureter- Kidney Function:o Routine urinalysis primarily evaluates for the presence of abnormalities in the urine:Albumin, Glucose, Red blood cells, Ketone bodies, Microbes- Characteristics of Normal Urine ChartIV. Renal Clearance- Volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance in a given time - Renal clearance tests are used toi. Determine GFRii. Detect glomerular damage- Used to follow the progress of renal diseaseRC = UV/PRC = renal clearance rate (ml/min)U = concentration (mg/ml) of the substance in urineV = flow rate of urine formation (ml/min)P = concentration of the same substance in plasmaV. Chart of Abnormal Constituents of UrineVI. Ureters, Bladder and Urethra in Female- Internal urethral sphincter= involuntary control- External urethral sphincter= voluntary control- Highest risk factor for bladder cancer= smoking. Highly increases chance of developing bladder cancer because allows for more toxins to enter bladder. o Treatment:


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