PHIL 1273 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Employers and Employees (continued)A. Financial Employment RelationshipB. Moral Employment RelationshipC. WhistleblowingOutline of Current Lecture I. Employers and Employees (continued)A. Whistleblowing (continued)B. LoyaltyC. Segue to Last TopicCurrent LectureI. Employers and Employees (continued)A. What is “owed” in an employment relationship?1. Simple case: employee owes employer fulfillment of job assignments2. Question: do employees owe more than this, like loyaltyB. Whistleblowing (continued)1. Bok (continued)a. Encouraged nuanced moral judgment and might recommend against whistle blowingb. Considered factors (continued)i. “Dissent”- Utilitarian moral consideration ii. “Accusation”- Deontological moral considerationiii. “Loyalty”- What kind of moral consideration is this?- Virtue theory: loyalty is a characteristic of a good person- Potential conflict with utilitarian concern to protect publicC. Loyalty1. Is it reasonable for employers to expect loyalty from their employees (or for employees to aim to be loyal to their employers)2. DuskaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Says Bok thinks yes: loyalty should restrain whistleblowingb. Disagrees with Bok: companies are not the kind of thing people have a loyalty toi. Paradigm of loyalty: to another personii. Question: what is loyalty to a group?iii. Dependent on the kind of group it is- No loyalty to random crows- Loyalty to family defined by relationships aimed at “mutual” flourishingiv. Consider the “end” (“telos”), or purpose, of the group- Sets purpose for the group members that creates standards for being a good (virtuous) group memberc. Businesses are not proper objects of loyaltyi. Purpose of firm is to profit, which sets standards for what counts as good in the relationships (including employment)that make up the firm- Employer will fire unprofitable employee- Employee will leave employer for a better offerii. Loyalty to employers disadvantages employees and societyd. Conclusioni. Loyalty out of place in the employment relationship; therefore, no objection to whistleblowing based on loyaltye. Reasoningi. Way to understand the ethics of the employer/employee relationship is to look at the purpose of the organizationii. That purpose sets the standard for what it means to be a good employeeiii. Loyalty is not a relevant virtue in the context of a profit=seeking organizationD. Segue to Last Topic1. Ethics in markets in the case of firms and the people they effecta. Shareholders have a direct financial stakeb. Stakeholders are affected by firm’s actions even if not a party to transactionsc. What is owed to each group and what is the moral priority?d. Frame as issue of social responsibilitye. Argument from all three moral theories2. Friedman (1912-2006)a. Noted economisti. Offered defense of free market against New Deal/post-war regulationii. Capitalism and Freedom (1962)iii. What kind of defense does he seem to support?b. Holds that “there is one and only one social responsibility of business: to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game” (Friedman 253)c. On social responsibilityd. Definition: What does it mean to say that the corporate executive has a “social responsibility” in his capacity as businessman? If this statement is not pure rhetoric, it must mean that he is to act in some way that is not in the interest of his employers… Insofar as his actions in accord with his “social responsibility” reduce returnsto stockholders, he is spending their money… But if he does this, he is in effect imposing taxes, on the one hand, and deciding how the tax proceeds shall be spent, on the other. (Friedman