Arrington Psychology of Human Sexuality. 210 Chapter 15: Sexual Victimization: Rape, Coercion, Harassment, and Abuse ofChildrenSexual Assault - Sexual Assault o Stranger Rape- Rape (forcible sexual penetration) committed by someone who is not known by the victim Not the only type of sexual assaulto Sexual assault- Unwanted or non-consensual sexual contact that occurs as a result of forces or the threatened use of force, as a result ofcoercion, or when a person is unable to consent or resist (eg. Intoxication, asleep, unconscious, under the legal age of consent). o Sexual assault can include vaginal sex, kissing, oral or anal sex, or fondling. Physical force may or may not be used Can include rape, coercion, harassment or the abuse of childrenIt is a crime in the US, but is not a crime in other countries Rape - Rape o The definition of rape has changed over time o Rape- Non-consensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration, obtained by force, by threat of bodily harm, or when the victim is incapable of giving consent  Force by the assailant or physical resistance from the victim is no longer required to determine if rape has occurred o 2 ways of calculating rape  1. Crime data- cases that are reported to the police  2. Victimization surveys - National Crime Victimization Survey (NVCS) is the largest ongoing surveys - Using data in which men and women are directly asked about various types of sexual and non-sexual violence they may have experienced - Contacted by telephone and asked about their reported and unreported sexual assault - Results are much higher than those provided by law enforcement records 1Arrington Psychology of Human Sexuality. 210 o Young people are frequently the target of rape because they are least likely to fight back and often don’t realize that they are victimized  Even infants can be the victims of rape o Over 2/3rd of sexual assault happen at home either the home of the victim, a friend, relative, or acquaintance o Rapes are less likely to happen at school or in other public areas. o Women are more likely to report a rape if they are raped by a stranger o MOST RAPES ARE COMMITTED BY SOMEONE THE VICTIM KNOWS. - Types of Rape o Rapes are classified according to different structural characterisitics, including the relationship that exists between the victim and assailant,the age of the victim, the number of assailantso Acquaintance and Date Rape  Acquaintance rape- Rapes that are committed by someone the victim knows.  Date Rape- If the rape occurs during a social encounter agreed to by the victim - People often assume that date rape is somehow less harmful than rape by a stranger - People attribute more blame and are less sympathetic tothe victims - Victims can be confused on how to interpret the assault - Victims of rape often blame themselves - Sexual Coercion- the act of forcing another person into unwanted sexual activity by physical or verbal coercion (pressure, manipulation, use of drugs or alcohol) o Since the 1990s there has been an increase in the use of Rohypnol (“roofies”), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and other “date rape drugs” Victims have no memory of the events that occur when they areunder the drug’s influence Now roofies cause drinks to change colors - Verbally Coercive tactics- making someone have sex by pleading, becoming angry, verbally threatening to end the relationship, making the person feel guilty for refusing - Token Resistance (to sex)- Saying “no” to sex when one means “yes” 2Arrington Psychology of Human Sexuality. 210 - Compliance- Agreeing to sexual intercourse when you do not really want to engage in it. - Marital Rapeo Marital rape- non-consensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim’s spouse. o Marital rape exemption- if a man and woman were married, having sexthat resembled rape was not actually rape. This was upheld until the 1970s. A man could not be prosecuted for the rape of his wife Marital rape is not illegal in all 50 states and the district of Columbia o 3 different kinds of marital rape  1. Battering rape (anger rape)- occurs in the context of domestic abuse - the victim experiences forced sex as well as physical violence from her spouse - uses sex to express anger and hurt the partner  2. Force-only rape (power rape)- does not involve severe physical violence. The perpetrator will use force or coercion to obtain sex from the unwilling partner - perpetrator’s intent is to not cause harm but to control the couple’s sexual interaction and to exert dominance over the partner  3. Obsessive Rape (sadistic rape)- less common than the other 2. Motivated by the sadistic desire to sexually torment and mistreat the partner- perpetrator is obsessed with forcing the partner to engage in degrading, deviant, and painful sexual activities - Gang Rape o Gang rape- Rape in which a victim is assaulted by more than one attackero Gang rape can be a way of demonstrating loyalty to the group o Individuals acting alone may not be capable of sexual assault, but being a member of a group often creates special circumstances in 3Arrington Psychology of Human Sexuality. 210 which feelings of persona; responsibility and accountability for ones actions are lost- Statutory Rapeo Statutory rape- sexual intercourse by an adult with a (consenting) partner who is not yet of the legal “age of consent”. Sometimes called “carnal knowledge of juvenile” o The legal age of consent in the US ranges from 16 to 18. o These laws are to protect minors from being taken advantage of by older individuals o Romeo and Juliet laws- protect teens who have consensual sex with other slightly younger teens from being charged with statutory rape as long as the two are within a certain age gap Ex. If the individuals were 15 and 17 - Same-Sex Rape and Coerciono male rape- rape in which the victim is a mano men are more likely to be assaulted by someone they knowo male rape victims are more likely to have been raped during childhoodo the majority of male victims are under the age of 19 at the time of their assault o men who identify as gay or bisexual tend to experience higher rates of victimization o high rates are also found among prisoners- Can a Man Be Raped by a Woman? o Many find it hard to believe that a woman can rape a man o Another fact that is hard for people to grasp is believing that a man can be made to get an erection especially while experiencing fear, disgust, lack