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UMass Amherst BIOLOGY 152 - Human Origins

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BIOLOGY 152 1st Edition Lecture 26Outline of Last Lecturea. Phylogenetic Trees b. Phylogenetic Species Concept Outline of Current LectureII. Missing Links of Human OriginsIII. PrimatesIV. The HomininsCurrent LectureHuman OriginsDo you believe humans evolved from Apes, were created as they are now, or something else?Video on man studying bonobos**Clicker Questions**The evolutionary theory of human origins suggests that humans evolved from chimpanzees.- false - the organism we evolved from chimpanzee’s also evolved from - Do we know the organism last this spot? no we don’t — we often don’tknow the organisms that exist at the nodes, this is nearly impossibleto figure out Missing Links- the traditional way of depicting humans evolving from chimps implies thatthere are missing links between the organisms (something that connectsthe two organisms) - problem = you’re always going to need some transitional fossilbetween each “stage” But there are transitional fossils that are important- “Ida” is an ancient 47 million year old primate that has traits similarto lemurs, monkeys, and apes These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Primates**Clicker Question**- Where would the Ida fossil be on the phylogenetic tree? - at A, because she has traits similar to lemurs, tarsiers etc she would be before the groups split off from each other. But we may never know if her species is the one that actually appears at that node of it it just occurs before the LCA of the current known primates - primates are the mammals that gave rise to our own species - evolved from rabbits and rodents, evolved 2 features that set them apart - grasping toes and fingers - binocular vision (most of these organisms are now nocturnal) *at this point there was at least a partial opposable thumb and what are essentially fingerprintsProsimians and anthropoids divergence around 40 MYA (human-likeorganisms, including monkeys, apes, humans)- they are diurnal (during the day) - have a larger brain - live in groups with complex social interactions - when the monkey’s walk around, they walk around on their palms butapes use their knuckles **Clicker Question**Is meat eating likely a derived or ancestral trait in the primates?- derived trait - we do know that it wasn’t a part of rodents and rabbits, and of animals that are alive chimps do it, some gorillas do, and humans do but many other primates don’t New and Old world Monkeys diverged around 30 million years ago New World Monkeys — can grasp with their tails- all arborealOld World Monkeys — cannot grasp with their tails -have a tough rump for sitting**Clicker Question**The monkeys are a paraphyletic group. What likely led to the two distinct groups?- an ancient allopatric speciation event — had two groups, maybe overtime the separation of these two groups caused the two groups to continue to evolve separately - they’re a paraphyletic group so they share an ancestor, but notall of the descendants are apes**monkeys have tails, apes do not have tails**Apes- do knuckle walking- longer arms and shorter legs - no tails - some “great apes” use tools — chimps, gorillas, orangutans use tools too(like sticks and rocks to try to break things open or dig termites out of theground etc.) Brachiating — gibbons monkey videoTL;DLThe homininsTanng child — found in 1924, was the first evidence supporting Darwin’s theory about human origins (in Africa from an ape-like ancestor)- tanng child probably killed by a large predator - the spine met the skull in the middle — more like modernhumans Fossils are often very incomplete (finding a wholeskull is very rare) - can infer what a skull would look like from fragments ofthe skull From those scientists have constructed a possiblelineage - we’re focusing on Australopithecine and homo sp. Australopithecus is what kind of group of hominids- paraphyletic group (includes ancestor and some descendants butdoesn’t include other descendent geneses that are believed to evolvefrom them) - they were the first to be bipedal (could walk long distances) - spinal column exits head on the bottom - small organisms, around 1 meter or


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