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UW-Madison LINGUIS 101 - Syntax 2
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Lecture 19Syntax part 2Review:Lexicon + PS rulesNP  (d) (adj) n pp)PP  P NPVP  (adv) v (np) (pp)S NP VPA problem for our theory so farVP  (adv) V (NP) (PP)In fact the NP is not always optionalHarry ateHart ate (an entire pie)*harry devouredharry devoured (an entire pie)harry feasted*harry feasted (an entire pie)Arguments and AdjunctsAn expression which obligatorily co-occurs with a word is an argument of that word*harry devoured - harry devoured the pie*sam put the ring - sam put the ring on his fingeran expression which is purely optional is called an adjunct. A phrase can have multiple optional adjuncts at the same timeharry devoured the (gigantic delicious) piesam (apparently, probably often) oversleepssyntactic selectionselection- a word ma select particular types of argument, which must co-occur with it. These selectional requirements, listed in the lexicon, must be satisfied for grammaticalitymore English rulesAuxsome sentences have an auxiliary verb (aux) between NP and VP(NP_ the children) will (VP_play in the park)S  NP (Aux) VPEmbedded clausesClause- a phrase consisting of one subject and one predicateSentence- a complete utteranceA sentence may have one clause, or multiple clauses with one embedded inside another(ernie likes cookies)  1 clause(bert knows (that ernie likes cookies))  2 clauses(susan said (that Gordon thinks (that ernie likes cookies)))  3 clausesmatrix and embedded clausesthe larger ontaining clause is called the matrix clauseany smaller clauses contained inside another clause are called embedded clausesComplementizers and CPEmbedded clauses are introduced by a special word called a complementierEnglish complementizers: if, that, whetherWe know that you like mysteriesI wonder if sarah can make thatMy cousins asked whether she could helpCP  C S VP  (Adv) V (NP/CP) (PP)Possessive NPsAn NP can contain a possessive NP(bob’s) car(the talented child’s) birthdaywhere does the possessor NP go?*the bob’s carBob’s refurbished carNP  (D/NP) (ADJ) N (PP)CoordinationCoordination- join words/ phrases of the same syntactic category together with a conjunctionA syntactic unit of any lexical category can coordinate:S (I wanted popcorn) but ( sam wanted pretzels)NP: I wanted (popcorn) and (pretzels)VP: she (took her coat) and (walked to the door)PP: we should eat (after school) but (before the game)Recursions with sentencesThese PS rules are also recursiveCP C SS NP VPVP V CPThis allows the creation of infinite sentencesLINGUIS 101 1st Edition Lecture 19Syntax part 2Review: -Lexicon + PS rules -NP  (d) (adj) n pp) -PP  P NP-VP  (adv) v (np) (pp) -S NP VP A problem for our theory so far -VP  (adv) V (NP) (PP) -In fact the NP is not always optional oHarry ateoHart ate (an entire pie) o*harry devoured oharry devoured (an entire pie) oharry feasted o*harry feasted (an entire pie) Arguments and Adjuncts -An expression which obligatorily co-occurs with a word is an argument of that word o*harry devoured - harry devoured the pie o*sam put the ring - sam put the ring on his finger -an expression which is purely optional is called an adjunct. A phrasecan have multiple optional adjuncts at the same time oharry devoured the (gigantic delicious) pieosam (apparently, probably often) oversleeps syntactic selection -selection- a word ma select particular types of argument, which must co-occur with it. These selectional requirements, listed in the lexicon, must be satisfied for grammaticalitymore English rules -Auxosome sentences have an auxiliary verb (aux) between NP and VP (NP_ the children) will (VP_play in the park) oS  NP (Aux) VP -Embedded clauses oClause- a phrase consisting of one subject and one predicate oSentence- a complete utterance oA sentence may have one clause, or multiple clauses with oneembedded inside another (ernie likes cookies)  1 clause (bert knows (that ernie likes cookies))  2 clauses (susan said (that Gordon thinks (that ernie likes cookies)))  3 clauses omatrix and embedded clauses the larger ontaining clause is called the matrix clause any smaller clauses contained inside another clause are called embedded clauses -Complementizers and CP oEmbedded clauses are introduced by a special word called a complementier oEnglish complementizers: if, that, whether We know that you like mysteries I wonder if sarah can make that My cousins asked whether she could help oCP  C S VP  (Adv) V (NP/CP) (PP) -Possessive NPsoAn NP can contain a possessive NP (bob’s) car(the talented child’s) birthday owhere does the possessor NP go?*the bob’s car Bob’s refurbished car oNP  (D/NP) (ADJ) N (PP) -CoordinationoCoordination- join words/ phrases of the same syntactic category together with a conjunction oA syntactic unit of any lexical category can coordinate: S (I wanted popcorn) but ( sam wanted pretzels) NP: I wanted (popcorn) and (pretzels) VP: she (took her coat) and (walked to the door) PP: we should eat (after school) but (before the game) Recursions with sentences -These PS rules are also recursive oCP C SoS NP VPoVP V CP-This allows the creation of infinite sentences


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UW-Madison LINGUIS 101 - Syntax 2

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