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PSU BMB 251 - In Class Review for Exam Four
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BMB 251 1st Edition Lecture 31 Outline of Last Lecture I. Clicker QuestionsII. DetergentsIII. FRAPIV. Tight JunctionV. Transport ProteinsVI. Channel ProteinsVII. Passive TransportVIII. Active TransportOutline of Current Lecture IX. Review Lecture for Exam Foura. Modular eukaryotic gene activators/repressorsb. DNA in the major and minor groovec. PhospholipidsCurrent Lecture- Transporters vs. Channels - Active transport: protein channel can go back and forth between two states- Transporter: lowers the intermediate energy by stabilizing high energy hydrophobic-hydrophilic parts- As you increase the concentrations of enzymes, transport across a membrane will still plateau at some point because they will become saturated- Uniport: moves one solute- Symport: in coupled transport, solutes are moved in same direction- Antiport: solutes are moving in opposite directionsModular eukaryotic gene activators/repressors- In bacteria: Name of the promoter is named after the sigma that it bindso If the operator helps sigma to bind, that is an activator. If the protein binds an operator right in between the two promoter regions, that blocks sigma and is therefore a repressor- In eukaryotes: include multiple regulatory proteins that bind far from the promoter and can be both upstream or downstream from the promotero Multiple proteins come together to form an initiator complex on the promoterThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Activators and repressors directly bind to DNA and affect transcription, while coactivators and corepressors bind to activators and repressors but not directly to DNAo Protein mediator transduces the signals from all of the smaller enzymes in order to start transcriptionDNA in the major and minor groove- When bases pair, you get two angles that are not equal- The larger angle is the major groove, while the smaller one is the minor groove- DNA side chains bonds with protein side chains with alpha helices with extremely high specificity(recognition helix) – all of these interactions are noncovalent o Recognition helix can be stabilized by another alpha helixo Can also be stabilized by Zinc finger helixo And by Leucine zippersPhospholipids- Hydrophilic carboxylic heads are very soluble because of the charge- Hydrophobic carbon tails are very insoluble- Glycerol can be attached to three fatty acid chains - Glycerol can also for with two fatty acids and a PO4 group, which forms the lipid bilayer- **All of these molecules have an end that is soluble in water and an end that is very insoluble in water  they all aggregate to form the structure of a bilayer or a micelles- Things with one tail (ex. Detergents) will make micelles- Four major phospholipids in the cell membrane o Phosphatidylethanolamineo Phosphatidylserine o Phosphatidylcholineo


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PSU BMB 251 - In Class Review for Exam Four

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