HIST107 1nd Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I Plague II Rebellion III The Hundred Years War IV The Ottomans Outline of Current Lecture I The Italian Renaissance II Religious Protest in the Later Middle Ages III The Protestant Reformation s Current Lecture Renaissance and Reformation Three traditional developments to close the Middle Ages o Renaissance o Reformation o Discovery of Americas THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE Rebirth of learning in Italy ca 1350 1500 Humanism education through the classics language history literature These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute ca 1450 invention of the Printing Press important example of the role that technology can have radically impacted the society politics etc as it allowed for texts to be easily produced and widely distributed The Donation of Constantine Lorenzo Valla Discourse on the Forgery of the Alleged Donation of Constantine 1440 Valla was a humanist thinker that wrote about politics etc vibrant intellectual Valla subjects the Donation of Constantine to literary criticism and determines that it is a forgery classic moment that depicts how new intellectual humanism can have a devastating effect on long term ideals symbolic for the end of the middle ages Image Church of the Four Crowns Rome Sylvester and Constantine Donation c 1250 Depicts Pope as ultimate figure of medieval society 4 th century never happened complete fabrication Compare to mosaic with Leo Charlemagne and Peter Christine de Pisan The Book of the City of Ladies 1404 1407 Image 1413 Compendium produced in Paris Michelangelo 1475 1564 Image Michelangelo s David 1501 1504 Flourishing of literature art etc that is mirrors the classics new artistic sensibility Emphasis on realism from observation ex detailed musculature comes from inspiration from Roman and Greek statues This is also applicable to rediscovering classical literature and architecture Leonardo da Vinci 1452 1519 Image Mona Lisa the most reproduced image of all time Machiavelli The Prince 1513 How praiseworthy it is for a prince to keep his word and to live by integrity and not by deceit everyone knows nevertheless one sees from the experience of our times that the princes who have accomplished great deeds are those who have cared little for keeping their promises and who have known how to manipulate the minds of men by shrewdness and in the end they have surpassed those who laid their foundations upon honesty Straight forward about what is required for a prince to attain and maintain power new concept better to be feared than loved Shift in the way the society is thinking about and talking about politics Humanism human virtues and the study of human things are worthy of being studied comes to be a central facet of higher learning People are not turning their backs on Christianity humanistic intellectualism was still strongly intertwined with religious faith RELIGIOUS PROTEST IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES Criticisms of the roman church intensify o Due to Avignon papacy Great Schism Devotio moderna the teachings of Geert Groote 1340 1384 John Wyclif Concerning the Pope 1379 the Lollards o English theologian is very vocal in criticizing papacy o Christ was a very poor man from his birth to his death and foreswore worldly riches in accordance with the state of primal innocence but Antichrist in contrast with this from the time that he is made pope to the time of his death covets worldly wealth and tries in many shrewd ways to gain riches Jan Hus d 1414 and the Hussite Four Articles of Prague o Criticizes pope sacraments and activities of the clergy o Followers Husites o Argue over bread and wine in Eucharist o Image Burning of Jan Hus at Council of Constance in 1414 print c 1500 o The printing press and increased literacy adds to the distribution of papal criticisms THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION S Martin Luther 1483 1546 the 95 Theses 1517 o Seen as very conservative figure devout monk o Criticizes indulgences pilgrimages and other common devotional practices and the Pope o 95 Theses 95 points of criticism of the Roman Church spread very quickly King protects o him and allows him to write contributes to the foundation of Lutheran churches a new form of church in Germany formally rejects leadership of Roman church 16th century there is an end to the medieval concepts on one faith one church one pope cuius regio eius religio whose realm his religion o Peace of Ausgburg 1555 after civil war in Germany The prince leader King determines the faith for the nation Dynamic period of religious change Religious pluralism within Europe medieval Christendom in the past