CHEM 177 1st Edition Exam #3 Study GuideDefine: effective nuclear charge-Zeff= Z-S, where Z is the nuclear charge and S is the screening constantDraw out trends for atomic radii size, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity Explain why each occur.Lower energy is favorable, while higher is unfavorable What happens as element radii increases?Atoms repel each other strongly at first. Bonding radius (RB)= half internuclear distanceWhat about ions? Na + compared to Na: Br compared to Br -Less or moreRepulsion:Cations/anions?Define: ionization energy-Is this positive or negative, and endothermic or exothermic?*Exceptions for this trend: Be/B, N/O, Zn/Ge, Cd/In, Hg/Tl in general, breaking these apar requires extra energy.Define: Electron affinity-Is this positive or negative, and endothermic or exothermic? *Exceptions: noble gases, Be, N, Mg adding electrons to Nitrogen requires pairing up, which is slightly unfavorable.Characteristics: Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Luster?Color?Exceptions?High or low IEList properties of the following groups, how they react with certain elements, and trends within.Alkali metals:React with Hydrogen:React with sulfur:With oxygen:Alkaline earth metals:With water:With oxygen:With chlorine:Chalcogen:With oxygen:With Se:With Te:Halogens:With water:With SiO:Chapter 8- chemical bondingDraw out Lewis structures for: Li, Be, C, N, O, and F.Define: octet rule-Is giving/taking of electrons a favorable process?Define: Coulomb’s Law-Equation: draw energy graph:Define: lattice energy-What do size and charges have to do with lattice energies?How much higher Be and O will be than Li and F? (predict)Define: electronegativity-Define: bond polarity-Bond polarity spectrum: ------------------------------------Which form covalent, ionic, and polar covalent?Define: dipole moment-Dipole moment
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