HST 010 1st Edition Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture The last lecture talked about Europe’s presence in Africa and European Imperialism as an institution.Outline of Current Lecture This lecture finishes the discussion on the subject of African colonization by Britain. The Indian colonization, as well as Chinese colonization by Britain and Europe are also discussed. Finally Japans move towards industrialization is covered.Current LectureScrammble for Africa, “1880s-90s”Notable efforts of resistance-- SamoriToure (1830-1900) in French West Africa- Muhammad Ahmad, the “Mahdi”, in Sudan against British o Believed he was a reincarnation of a caliphateo Wiped out a British base at Khartoum in 1885o Would be destroyed along with 11,000 followers slaughtered (Brits lost 28) (1898)- Emperor Menelik II of Etheopiao Defeats Italian at Adwa, 1896- The results of this scramble are that 20% of Africa are under European control in 1880, 90% by 1914, redrawing of map and the effects on different peoples, partial modernizationImperialism II, AsiaOttoman Empire( tries to respond to the growing power of European nation and attempts to bring on this modernization of Europe and modernized bureaucracy. Conservatism of elites and rebellion also prevents real growth and the Ottomans could not compete)China in the 19th century and early 20th- went through an incredibly bad time, Nanjing treaty greatly hurt- Taiping Rebellion in Qing China, 1851-64These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Underlying causeo Population reached 450 mil, by 1850o Loss of land by many or reduced land holdingso Loss of Qing dynasties authority (especially with loss in war) Loss of Opium war Governments corruption Rising power of local elites Increased taxation o The rebellion started under a man named Hong Xiuguan, (1813-64) in Canton Failed civil service exam four times Influence of Christian missionaries Hong’s dream and Taiping heavenly Kingdom Blend Christianity and Chinese traditions Rejection of Confucisom and the Qing/Manchu Hong believes he is the brother of Jesus, heavenly king who should bring about the Tai Ping heavenly Kingdom Strict moral rectitude Rebels take several cities, including Nanjing, 1858 Slaughter of all Manchu there Rebellion quashed after Hongs death, still 20 mil killedo Qing government tries to reform things due to this rebellion (they do not succeed.- Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1901o Western powers have gained huge influence in China, treaties for trade status More missionaries China by 1890’s is incredibly filled with tension o War with Japan in 1894-95 Sino-Japanese war, China is destroyed (japan took Korea)o Qing emperor Guangxu (1898) was interested in modernizing Chinese government and military, pushing for reform (his mother undercuts reform and destroys his attempt)o Cixi his Conservative Empress mother was against the West and Christianity This would lead to the Boxers Rebellion (so called do to the warriors beingmartial artists) Chinese army does nothing as western individuals are attacked and killed European, Japanese, American troops come to fight these boxers (soldiersof this rebellion) Boxer Protocol of 1901 came from Chinas defeat and gave even more Western privilege) China became a puppet government that and despite reform efforts, the Qing Empire fails in 1911- India and the British Direct Ruleo British East India company still in control in 1857, Britain controlled most aspects of the Indian economy at this pointo Indian revolt, (1857) Lord Dalhousie, governor general, 1848-56 Wants to strip further Indian power Increase communication through trains, telegraph and postal service for the betterment of English and British East Indian Company interests Indian soldiers were highly trained, they were angry about lack of respect of caste system The spark of the rebellion though was that a new cartridge variety was being lubricated with beef and pork fat and Sepoys are horrified Sepoys and locals revolt (religious elements) Try to reinstate the Mughal Empire  Rebellion crushed by British regulars, British East Indian Company dissolved and India is made a colony in 1858 Direct rule - Direct Rule by Englando The “Raj” 1858-1947 brings partial modernization (communication and transport but not industry)o Product export (tea, cotton, and packing jute)o Indian administration was paid for by the Indians with “Home Charges” (British lost no moneyo Beginnings of Indian Nationalism Prior to the “raj” the people never thought of themselves as a nation, though of themselves as a vast different Mughal Empire British bring their own ideas, Indians receive western education, Indians begin to take away British beleifs, but they are treated as inferior This educated Indian elite start to think they are part of an Indian nation and Britain needs to give them more freedom- Japanese modernization and imperialismo Great example of a non-western country modernizing itself in its own image/ with its own identityo Begins with Naval Force under Matthew Perry (1853) and the Opening of Japan Forced treaty made, this is the opening of Japan Japanese Elites realize that there are two ways to deal with the forced intrusion Decide to emulate the western military and society (keep true to our traditions)  Tokugawa Shogun don’t want this but a coup dethrones them Empire still in place and modern looking Emperor enthronedo The Meiji restoration begins with this new Emperor, all people are made the same and equalo Universal conscription (army and navy like western powers)o Based their military on German military advisorso Believed that Germany had the best government and created there own called Imperial Dieto Believed that Germany was closest to them in history, they could followo Creating industries to create the items modern military neededo Many Europeans go to Japan to set it upo Japanese go abroad to learn the skills o Japan was able to go from medieval country to industrial country in 30 yearso Japan Constitution in 1889o Industrialization with Zaibatsu system (family “corporations”) Government pays the startup Closely linked with the government- Japanese Imperialismo First expansion into the Ryukyus in 1874o Sino-Japanese war,