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CORNELL DSOC 2090 - Final Exam Study Guide
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DSOC 2090 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 14-18Lecture 14 (March 19)Are kids from poor neighborhoods disadvantaged by virtue of where they grow up? To what extent does school quality affect attainment?- HPN = High Poverty Neighborhood- There is more of an income segregation with poor people becoming more concentrated in high poverty neighborhoods and wealthy people becoming more concentrated in wealthy neighborhoods. There are also different levels of stickiness in neighborhoods.- Low income neighborhoods have higher rates of obesity, disease, social problems, low educational attainment of youth, unemployment- There are two arguments why neighborhoods have a causal effect on attainment:1) Causal: less political motivation in HPN which leads to greater exposure to pollutantswhich affect child development, higher prices of goods/services, smaller number of institutions, and more social disorganization. “culture of poverty”2) Selection effect: attributes of family are affecting kids more than neighborhoods. - Summary: there are some casual effects of neighborhoods on outcomes, but it is not known what features of neighborhoods are most important.Lecture 15 (March 24) Is there a causal effect of schools? What is race?- There is a strong positive relationship between socioeconomic standing and test scores- School funding does matter, but family SES explains much more- Public vs private: most academically inclined and wealthier kids go to private schools- Three policy imlications:o Better public school funding (inefficient)o Reduce income inequality among parents (politically unpalatable)o Early childhood investments: there is a stronger return on public investment in headstart programs for low SES kids. - What is race? There are two basic approaches:o Race as a biological construct, used to justify slaveryo Race as a social construct, identity and hierarchy created through social interaction. It is not genetically based. Ex: Irish immigrants in late 1800s Mixed race constructs Racialization of poverty: blacks are more likely to be poor- Macro level: race embedded into economic, political, legal institutions- Micro level: race infused in day to day interactionsLecture 16 (March 26) How does the immigrant experience affect inequality? Do the “new immigrants” show similar patterns of assimilation as the “old immigrants”? Why do some children of immigrants assimilate and some do not?- Native: Born in US, US territory, or to US citizens- Foreign born: Naturalized US citizens- Immigrant: subset of foreign born, lawful permanent residents, and undocumented immigrants- Immigrant incorporation had classic modes and new modeso Prior to 1965, just exclusions on the immoral and laborers Secondary sector incorporation: accept lower wages and worse working conditions. Cheap labor Middleman minorities: bridge between immigrants and natives. Ex: Jewish financiers in Europe Immigrant enclaves: spatial concentration of immigrants of one ethnic group with networks and a separate economy Assimilation included structural, cultural, and identityo After 1964, quotas were eliminated and preferences for highly skilled workers started Highly educated immigrants  Segmented assimilation: - Classic trajectory – assimilation upward, economically, and culturally. Speak English at home and adopt mainstream cultural practices- Downward assimilation: downward acculturation into the values and norms of the inner city- Selective acculturation: members of ethnic enclave resist acculturation Also depends on societal receptivity, resources at entry, and spatial context Summary: There are many trajectories for immigrant groups.Lecture 17 (April 07) What is the connection between race and educational attainment? What are the patterns, proposed explanations? What does the evidence say?1) Class and socioeconomic status effectsa. Apparent racial / ethnic differences are income or social effects in disguise. Class differences include the level of educational resources outside of school. SES is the strongest predictor of educational attainment for all groupsb. Ability: There are two theories: blacks are disadvantaged because of genetic endowments, or that it is because of socially produced differences in cognitive ability rather than IQ.c. School/classroom composition: blacks benefit from attending schools or classrooms more with whites because of the interaction effect. However, schools do not necessarily desegregate friendships or classrooms.d. Stressors: fear and stress like violent crime exposures make kids do worse in schoole. Racial/cultural effects: either parents do not value education, or kids have to fit in by doing poorly/well in school, or of the stereotype threatLecture 19 (April 09) How can we explain differences in the labor market? - Class based account: the reason we see the differences in wages and jobs is because of legacy of discrimination. All children born into poor families are disadvantaged. - Economic restricting account: there are fewer and worse jobs in inner cities. This directlyaffects worse occupational placement and creates a black middle class flight from inner cities, which leaves little institutions for those left. Basically residential segregation and pure


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CORNELL DSOC 2090 - Final Exam Study Guide

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