PSYCH 1103 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Definition II. Social cognition III. Social comparison a. Evaluate many properties of oneselfb. Temporal comparison c. Social comparison IV. Social comparison strategies a. Upward social comparison b. Downward social comparison V. Protecting the selfa. Terror Management Theory VI. Social identity VII. Self-schemasVIII. Schemas for others IX. First impressions Outline of Current Lecture I. Attribution II. Kelley’s Attribution TheoryIII. Attribution errors a. Fundamental attribution errorb. Ultimate attribution errorc. Actor-observer effect d. Self-serving biasIV. Protective biases V. Attitudes VI. Attitudes and behavior VII. Attitude formation a. Early learning b. Mere exposurec. Operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning VIII. Attitude change IX. Cognitive dissonance theory Current LectureI. Attribution a. Attribution: the processes involved in explaining the behaviors of othersb. Draw on implicit theories of cognition and action i. Leave a message, but she does not call back ii. What does it mean?1. “She doesn’t love me”2. “She got stuck in traffic”c. Internal attributioni. Cause resides within the personii. Causation resides in the person 1. “Lack of love”d. External attribution:i. Cause resides in the environment 1. “Traffic”e. consequences?II. Kelley’s Attribution Theorya. Observer makes attribution about actorb. Attributions governed by three factors:i. Consensus: degree to which other actors show same behavior 1. High consensus: external attribution 2. Low consensus: internal attribution ii. Consistency: degree to which behavior of actor is the same over time and contexts 1. High consistency: internal attribution2. Low consistency: external attribution iii. Distinctiveness: degree to which behavior of actor is specific to this event1. High distinctiveness: external attribution 2. Low distinctiveness: internal attribution III. Attribution errorsa. Fundamental attribution error:i. Tendency to attribute behavior of others to internal factors ii. Error in driving b. Ultimate attribution error:i. Outgroup: people in a different classii. Behaviors that result in positive outcomes:1. External attribution iii. Behaviors that result in negative outcomes:1. Internal attribution c. Actor-observer effecti. Tend to make internal attributions to others 1. “They did that because that’s the way they are”ii. Tend to maker external attributions for self 1. “I did that because of the situation”iii. Usually have more info about situational factors for self iv. Self-serving bias1. Internal attribution for positive events2. External attribution for negative events IV. Protective biasesa. Unrealistic optimismi. Tendency to think that positive events are more likely to happen to you, negative ones less likely 1. I will get a high-paying job 2. The stocks I invest in will probably do well3. I am unlikely to get seriously ill ii. Can lead to risky behavior V. Attitudesa. Attitude: a tendency toward a particular cognitive, behavioral, or emotional reaction to a given object or event i. Education ii. Sports iii. Homosexuality iv. Large cities VI. Attitudes and behaviora. Attitudes have three components:i. Cognition, emotion, and behaviorb. Three components do not always agree:i. Goal: predict behavior from cognition c. Factors:i. Life relevance: does this matter to me?ii. Subjective norm: is this the way other people think?iii. Perceived control: will my behavior change anything?iv. Direct experience: have I lived this issue?VII. Attitude formation a. Early learning i. Explicit teaching 1. “Don’t trust strangers”ii. Modeling 1. “It’s a spider!!!”2. “Lazy foreigners”b. Mere exposurei. The more times you hear/see something, the better you tend to like it c. Operant conditioning i. Reinforcing appropriate attitudes 1. Group rewards like attitudes d. Classical conditioning VIII. Attitude changea. A huge amount of money is spent on attitude change yearly i. Commercial advertisingii. Political campaigns iii. Social movements b. Elaboration likelihood modeli. Persuasion attempt  audience factors  processing approach  persuasion outcome IX. Cognitive dissonance theory a. Leon Festingerb. People motivated to have internal consistency among their beliefs and behaviors i. The more you pay for a car, the better you will like