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UofL PSYC 322 - Exan 3 Study Guide
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PSYCH 322 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 19-26Lecture 19 (Mar23)I. Languagea. Acquiring language- language is a steady stream of information that we pull apart to understand.i. Language comprehension precedes language production.b. We will look at why it is so easy for kids to acquire a second language versus a 20 year old who has prior skills and knowledgec. Articulatory phonetics- how do we produce sound with the different movements of our mouth and tongue compared to other animalsi. What are scientists saying about chimpanzees capabilitiesd. Animal language is more communication and cross species communicationi. Does a dog understand the language of hearing “treat” or is that word just symbolic of information he has acquired.e. Phonetics- some sounds may be pronounced similarly i. Language errors- mistakes and misunderstandings. How does that happen?f. Language theories to explain acquisitioni. A behaviorist believes that we learn it by producing involuntary behavior thoughreinforcement and punishment.1. This can’t explain everything because we very rarely correct young kids speech. For example: the kid says “put shoes on my feets” we may reply “let me see those feets!”ii. Imitation and observation- we can imitate and learn language from others.iii. Creativity of language- mental slips can explain organization, structure and functions of the brain.1. Infinite generativity of language is when we can produce utterances that(1) we have never produced before or (2) no one has ever said before. a. Example: writing a book or a poem- things have never been said before.b. Learning behaviorists cannot explain the creative use of language.iv. Nature and nurture work together1. If you don’t have the blueprint or instructions to build a house it is muchharder to build.2. We have an innate disposition to decompose language into parts.a. Parts of language: rules, prefixes, suffixes, irregular verb formsWe begin by learning and figuring out these rules of language and the idea that we understand and extract thingsv. Sintax vs interactive approach to parching languageII. Imagerya. Both WM and LTM take advantage of this encoding system.i. Example: creating a cognitive map of your houseii. Example: think back to the places you have lived throughout your life.b. Your memory of long ago places ties to your actual sizei. Everything in your childhood neighborhood will look small when you return at an older age.c. Our ability to take advantage of cognitive map.i. Example: you can visualize the spatial arraignment of how your room is arranged.ii. Example: giving campus directions, we move our body as if we are actually moving through the map.d. Our experience is tied to our cognitive map and time.i. The more often you visit a place, the smaller you estimate the amount of time it takes to travel there.e. Demonstrate how sometimes literal mental manipulations might be presented in a different orientation.i. Example: Give example of a letter [R] (mirror image) and rotate it asks a study participant if the letter was orientated upright is it a mirror image of the actual letter itself?ii. Example: take an unfamiliar object and rotate it from its original position. Then show the participants another similar object and are asked if that item is rotatedaround, are those two objects identical mirror images of each other?iii. You have to mentally rotate the object in order to make a decision.f. Mentally rotation of an object- how ever far away the object is from an upright/original presentation, the longer it takes to orient it upright in your head.i. Males are generally better at mentally rotating objects than females are.ii. Piolets and visual artists are generally better at this as wellLecture 20 (Mar25)I.Conceptual Knowledge- knowledge that helps us recognize and understand objects and events that exist in the form on conceptsII.Concept- meaning of objects, events, or abstract ideas. Mental representations ofa class or individuals that are organized as categories. Example: the concept of love or dating.a.Network model- how neurons and nodes connect information.III.Categorization- process by which things are places in categories. The activity of putting something novel or unexpected in the world together and trying to explain it. Example: if you see a burning couch and you are in Lexington, you may have the past knowledge of knowing that this is nothing threatening and that Kentucky fans do this when they celebrate. Example: you are at a friend’s house and you see a bowl full of yellow, red, and green circles, you know this is fruit andnotice they are apples, something that you can eat. You categorize this as a food until you touch it and notice they are plastic and not know it’s in a new category of decorations. Example: a picture of a woman with her hands up standing nextto a police officer with an ambulance in the background. If you were to drive by this scene, you could assume she is being arrested. When you see more if the picture you notice a young man and now thing she is probably winning something. This lady was running the road city 5K in Louisville, more and more information come into your understandings and it can affect your assumptions. Example: 3 zoomed in unknown pictures: it could be a fruit, fungus, fish in the sea, etc. context matters: how might knowing what the context of these images help you? is it poisonous, dangerous, harmless or edible?a.Definitional approach to explaining categories doesn’t work. If you ask someone to list some birds, something like penguins and bats aren’t something typical people mention.b.Prototype theoryc.Exemplar notionIV.Demo- a procedure modeled after Roscha.Rate the extent to which each word or member of the category represents a FRUIT on a 7 point scale. 1 being a very good example and 7 being a very bad example. Definition of Fruit: the sweet and fleshy product of a tree of other plant that contains seeds.b.Words: apricot, avocado, cherry, coconut, fig, grape, kiwi, lime, lychee, mango,papaya, watermelon and applec.Participants found that prototypical examples of fruits would be rated as 1, less common fruits receive higher rated number’s.d.Another category done in this study was to rate furniture: sofa, chair, mirror, telephonei.Furniture definition: something you sit on, place something on or in.Lecture 21 (Mar27)I.Knowledgea.Categorization: definitional approach, prototypical approach, exemplar approach.


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UofL PSYC 322 - Exan 3 Study Guide

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