PSYCH 322 1st Edition Lecture 26Outline of Last Lecture I.ImageryII.LanguageIII.Master languageIV.Rule system of languageOutline of Current LectureV.Rule system of languageVI.The Universality of LanguageVII.Studying Language in Cognitive PsychologyVIII.Terms to know for examCurrent LectureI.Rule system of languagea.Infinite Generativity- the infinite number of utterances that we create.It points to the creativity of languageb.Phonemes- most basic level of language, the individual sounds. The smallest unit of speech.i.Example: “Bat” and “Pat”- the ‘B’ and the ‘P’ are individual phonemes but alone they have no meaningc.Morphemes- the smallest unit of speech that contains a meaning.i.Example: “bookworm” has 2 morphemes, while “bookworms” now has 3 because it is now plural.d.Syntax- (think “semantics” or meaning)- the meaning gathered for the order in words and of words to make sentences.e.Manuscripts- stories or like chapters in a book.II.The Universality of Languagea.Language development is universal across cultures. We all go through similar development of languageb.Language is innate, it is part of our hardwiringc.Different cultures have different words, sounds and rules, but all have nouns, verbs, a past and presentd.Lexicon- all of the words a person understands. Like your own personal dictionaryIII.Studying Language in Cognitive PsychologyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. -Bottom-up processing from the environment.-Stuff that needs to be processed.-LOCAL PIECES OF SAND-Top-down processing from our brains-Stuff already park of yourunderstanding-GLOBAL PICTURE OF BEACHa.Broccas and Wernicks Aphasia look and sounds like and what does that suggest what areas are used for different processing’si.Brocca’s area is responsible for syntax and language production. It is a frontal lobe area issue. People with this issue have trouble producing grammatically correct language and speech is difficult to understand.ii.Weirnick’s Aphasia is located in the temporal structure. It is when people can produce grammatically correct utterances, but they make no sense. They have trouble comprehending and understanding words.b.Behaviorists would say that the only way we make language is by rewards and punishments of different correct and incorrect utterances we produce in development. c.Skinner (1957) studied Verbal Behavior and how language was learned through reinforcement. (Language Acquisition, it has nothing to do with our minds, there is no need to study the brain)i.LAD (Language Acquisition Device)- is like a blueprint that we are innately born with to acquire language. We have this and other species don’t.d.Chomsky (1959) does not agree with Skinner, she said that childrenproduce sentences they have never heard and that have never been reinforced.e.Psycholinguistics- discovers psychological processes by which humans acquire and process language. i.Comprehension of spoken words and written language and how it all gets processedii.Speech Production- articulatory phonetics: production of sounds and its mental activityiii.Acquisition f.Whorf hypothesis- people believe that if there are words for things, the words you know that represent those words can influence out perception i.Example: in some cultures there are many words used to describe the color BLUEIV.Terms to know for Exama.Phonemic restoration- when a phoneme is missing, like when someone coughs during a speech, we tend to not even notice.b.Word superiority effect (table 11-1)c.Word frequency effect- the more frequently a word is used in out everyday language, the faster we are to respond to whether it is a word or not in a lexical decision taskd.Lexical decision task (how does it connect to the word frequency effect?)e.Sciatic(?) eye movements- a test to track eye movements as we read to help study the