HST 010 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last LectureExamOutline of Current Lecture This lecture talks about Europe’s presence in Africa and European Imperialism as an institution.Current LectureImperialismLate 19th and 20th century imperialism was a continuation of colonialism and an outgrowth of the market demands of capitalismMuch of the turmoil in present day Africa and the mid-East is a result of ImperialismImperialism Defined-- Motiveso Nationalism Pride Rivalry with other nation-states/empires (need to beat others and requires massive amount of resources Military needs: ports and coaling stations (allow more transportation of military and control of seao Industrial Capitalism Demands for raw materials and markets for manufactures Major recession in Europe and North America in 1870’s (chief cause was over supply, not sufficient markets) New markets absolutely necessary for this over supplyo Attitude that the West felt superior to other parts of the world Social Darwinism, global stage where nations felt they were superior to the colonized nations. Very much in the industrialized nations The desire to spread Christianity (to places where Islam is present specially and where people are pagan)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. People believe that they are superior to others and it is their job to pass on this superiority to the less civilized people. It is a gift to impart to others. “Civilizing Mission” Man is driven by ideology and what we believe Example is Rudyard Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden” (1899) ---expresses idea that it is the job of the European whites to give to the rest of the worldo Opportunity for Western superiority Strength of Western nations owing to efficient government systems, and the technological imperial system ---Mass production and industrialization of arms(Breach loading rifles, maxim gun), transportation (steamships, steamboats, and railroads), foodproductions and preservation (canning), medicine (quinine for malaria)- Africa as a target of European imperialist ventureso Growth of indigenous states in late 18th and early 19th centurieso Islamic reform movement in the late 1700’s (West and East Africa) Sokoto Caliphate of UthmandanFodio, beginning c 1800 The East African empire of Sayyid Said Oman, early 1800s Importance of slave trade and slave labor in these empires (push for it) Note: When Europe and America stop demanding slaves, there is an increase demand from the Muslim Empires created and Indian Ocean Slave tradeo Imperialist Venture by South African Zulu leader named Shaka (1818-1828)o Europeans gain dis-taste for slave trade, want legitimate trade This legitimate trade starts after 1807 (British navy will not allow for continuation of slave trade on behalf of Government) Movement to stop the trade made illegal which made the ban happen in 1807 by Christian missionaries, especially in East Africa against Muslim slavers British feel above the savagery of the Muslims in the slave trade, despite having done it recentlyo Shift to “legitimate trade” New products are palm oil (effective lubricant for machinery due to abilityto deal with high temps, also could make soap), rubber (Dunlop figures out that it can be used in tires), ivory, lumber, coffee and tea plantations in Africa- French and British interest in North Africao Algeria French invade in 1830 and set up a colonyo French also get involved with Egypt, and Egypt’s governor Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) is interested in France (was under Ottoman Empire but would become Egypt’s leader) Encourages trade with Europe and the modernization of Egypt Wanted it to be able to compete with the western powers and Ottoman Empire Egyptians decide to build a Canal from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean (Suez Canal) Originally French company backed it, then British backed it but it was done with the approval of Egypt (1854-69)  There were high taxes to pay off the loans from Europe (Anti-European riots in 1882) in 1883 British technically take over and Egypt is really a British protectorate British now control Suez Canal (Better contact with there colony in India which was so important to England)- British Interests in South Africao Dutch-speaking Afrikaners in Capetown since 1600’so British Take control in 1815 (Napoleonic wars had ended and England wanted its fleets to have good access to Indian Ocean, good advantage)o British “color blind“ laws alienate many Afrikaners Many leave to establish their own white colonies Called the “Great Trek” like what happens in US shot and killed people took their lands, escaping the government they did not like  They called themselves Trekboers (1834) Create Orange Free State and Transvaalo Diamonds discovered in 1867, Gold in 1886o Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) and British imperialism creates De Beers to control diamond industry, (Diamond Cartel) Also charters British South Africa Company Creates large mercenary army Rhodes believed in British superiority Wanted England to have massive control, wanted connection called “From Cape to Cairo” (expansion Northwards) This led to war, as there were indigenous groups along the way. He lied and tricked rulers taking their power, land , and people through foolish contracts Matabele war in 1893-4 and 1896-97 where his army just killed all the locals He then had Southern Rhodesia created in the name of Englando Major war called the Anglo-Boer War, (1899-1902) Occurred due to continued strife between England and the Afrikaners England was killing civilians, putting them in concentration camps It was a costly bloody war A compromise was reached wiith the creation of the Union of South Africa and this led to a growth of growth of segregationist policies - Scramble for South Africa 1880-90so King Leopold II of Belgium and the Congo Free Stateo Tried to drive as much profit from it as he couldo First from the ivory trade killing massive numbers of Elephants (they were all killed out)o Then began to grow rubber (red rubber) was willing to perform brutal treatment,slavery, atrocitieso Book written about it called “Heart of Darkness” by Josef Conrado The Belgian Congo created in 1908 (conditions imporved slightly)o The Berlin