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UB UGC 111 - World Civilizations

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World Civilizations Midterm ReviewCHAPTER ONE: EARLY HUMANS/PALEOLITHIC/NEOLITHICHominin:- Forerunners of humans after genetically splitting from the chimpanzees - Modern humans who are the descendants of long lines of early human-like primates. - Lived in East Africa. - Species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree. Hominins include homo sapiens and our ancestors, a group of extinct species that are more closely related to us than chimpanzees. - Hominins split from line of apes sometime around 7 million years ago.Australopithecus:- Prehuman species that existed before those classed under the gene homo- Date 3.9-3.0 million years ago- “southern ape” - Stood upright, walked on two legs, brain was 1/3 the size of homo sapiens. - Wide spread; ranged from Ethiopia to South Africa. A fossil bipedal primate with both apelike and human characteristics found in Pliocene and lower Pleistocene deposits (c. 4 million to 1 million years old) in AfricaHomo erectus:- the first hominin that left east Africa and was adaptable to many new environments in Eurasia. Became skillful hunters and invented more sophisticated tools for digging, scraping and cutting.- Became first hominids to migrate from Africa. - “upright man”- First to use fire - Brain size was about 75% of that of a fully evolved H. sapiensHomo ergaster: - Adapted to the greater demands of mobility with long legs and comparatively shorter arms.- “workman”- In Latin means “upright human”- Were fully stabilized on their feet, became regular long distance walkers adapted to the means of their surroundings (rainforest, savanna, steppe habitats)- Mastered control of fire: first discovered in africa, possibly 1.5-1.4 million years ago.Homo habilis:- “the handy human”- improved brain power enabled them to make simple stone tools: sharped-edged scrapers, called Oldowan tools, with which meat could be removed from animal carcasses- broadened the diet from vegetarian foods to meat. - Early humans became omnivores.Homo sapiens : - modern human- species of the creature hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong dependent of language and usage of tools- appeared around 280,000 years ago in east Africa - means “wise man” in latin- creator of the much refined new stone working technique, the Levallios, a stone technique where stone workers first shaped a hard rock into a cylinder or cone. - emerged as efficient hunter of animals Neanderthal: 250,000-30,000 years ago; found in Europe and western Asia; disappeared between 50,000-30,000 years ago; bigger and stronger than homo sapiens but died out insteadOtzi: found in 1991 in the Otzal Alps, had an axe, a bow and arrows, and knife and fur for clothing. Was found with an arrow in his back (first homicide we have to date). His body was used to analyze health issues people in his time faced. Died during Neolithic AgePaleolithic: Sharecroppers: Farmers who received seed, animals and tools from landowners in exchange for up to two thirds of their harvest.Nomads: People whose livelihood was based on the healing of animals, such as sheep goats, cattle, horses, and camels; moving with their animals from pasture to pasture according to the seasons, they lived in a tent. City, city-state: A place of more than 5,000 inhabitants with nonfarming inhabitants (craftspeople, merchants, administrator), markets and a city leader capable of compelling obedience to his decisions by force.Lascaux: - setting of a complex of caves in south western France famous for its Paleolithic architecture. - The Lascaux image of the injured bull charging its hunter, who is depicted as a stick figure with a phallus, is a rare exception. Chauvet: cave in south France. Pech Merle: Cave which opens onto a hillside at Cabrerets in the Lot department of the midi-pyrenees region in France, one of few prehistoric cave painting sites in France which remains open to the general public. Neolithic (new stone age):- Period from ca. 9600 to 4500 BCE when stone tools were adapted to the requirements of agriculture, through the making of sickels and spades. - Started with a bang—within just a few generations, summer temperatures increased by an extraordinary 7 degrees. - Middle east- Characterized by polished stone implements (spades and sickles) introduction of agriculture, animal domestication, sun dried bricks, plaster and pottery- in short most key elements of an agrarian society: At a minimum, people engaged in farming cereal grains on rain-fed or irrigated fields and breeding sheep and cattle. Catal Huyuk: - Neolithic village- great example of how communities are taking shape in transition from migratory to settled communities- Turkey- 7000-4000BCE- Many layers of occupation- Excavated by mellaart in 1960s - 33% of rooms=shrines; lots of bullish decorations - Houses share walls; no front doors; mudbricks on stone foundations - People buried in houses - Mellaart argued for excarnation..now Hodder says no- Steatopygous figurines, including picture of seated goddess flanked by lions, giving birth - tMellaart more a processual archaeologist; Hodder a post-processualist - Gobekli Tepe now makes us completely rethink many things about Neolithic…GT has loads of worked stone, where CH had none; GT seems totally ceremonial..CHAPTER TWO: Mesopotamia Mesopotamia: - “the land between the rivers” of the Euphrates and Tigris in present day Iraq and Kuwait - Region between tigris and Euphrates that developed the first urban societies. - Later Mesopotamian kingdom was Babylonia. -- best known king was Hammurabi (1792-1750BCE), who ordered the engraving of the entire code of Babylonian law onto a 7-foot slab of basalt.Tigris and Euphrates:- In present day turkey- Irrigation using river water allowed for larger plots and bigger harvests.- Nutrient rich river silt from regular floods made the fields even more fertile and provided for often considerable surpluses of grain. Ur:- Important Sumerian city-state in Mesopotamia. - Coastal city near the mouth of Euphrates and Persian Gulf Uruk:- First place in Mesopotamia to fit the definition of a city. - Founded near Eridu around 4300BCE. - People of Uruk were important pioneers of technical and intellectual innovations.- It was here that the first known plow was found.- Within a millennium it was a city of 50,000-80,000 inhabitants, with a mixture of palaces, multistory administrative buildings, workshops, residences, estatesand villages clustered around


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UB UGC 111 - World Civilizations

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