EEB 2245W 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Concepts:-Typological species: morphological or phenetic species concept-Evolutionary species concept: a group of natural populationsthat is evolutionarily independent from other such groups. Biological species concept: when a group of individuals have a reproductive community. Many hybrids in nature- disadvantage such as K. muta and K. angusta  Recognition species concept: share a common fertilization system Phylogenetic species concept: having a common ancestor. Less time consuming than BSC Genealogical species concept: similar to phylogenetic species concept. Members in group are more closely related to each other than members outside the group Cohesion species concept: allows for gene flow, stabilizing selection, genetic drift shared developmental program/history, ecological constraints, reproductive isolations. Species are genotypic clusters distinguishable in sympatry by actual correlated genetic differences at multiple loci rather than by inferences about process. It is the most accurate but also too time consuming.  Species Concepts • Usefulness • Morphological/typological (not a concept) • Evolutionary (not operational) • Biological • Phylogenetic • Genotypic clusters of multiple loci • Cohesion • What happens in practice? – Large biodiversity studies – Small case studies-Phylogenetics: patterns of evolutionLecture 15 discussion questionsStandard categories of Speciation mechanisms1 And 2: Spatial : can be divided into: allopatric, parapatric, sympatric- Allopatric: vicariance is a process by which the geographical range of an individual taxon, or a whole biota, is split into discontinuous parts by the formation of a physical or biotic barrier to gene flow or dispersal. It usually results in the evolution of related species on either side of the barrier. Founder effect speciation: colonization of a new territory across a barrier by a small number of individuals which leads to Genetic revolution due to… – Reduction in number of alleles – Genetic drift & inbreeding if extended bottleneck – Selection in a new island environmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3- Founder effect encourages speciation because only a small number of individuals recolonize inthe new place. Hence, there is less number of alleles, more inbreeding, and selection for organisms that have traits that survive in the new environment. All of these lead to less genetic variation and more speciation. There is evolution of new species.4 and 5- The conditions necessary for parapatric speciation to occur is having two adjacent populations on either side of a steep cline such as an ecotone. This allows both populations to differ more in evolving to have a completely opposite trait from one another (reinforcement). That trait has a fitness effect. They are still the same species. The create reproductive isolation.6- Sympatric speciation: is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. Its conditions are: that we need extreme assortative and disassortative mating to eliminate any heterozygotes. If organisims are closely related, overlaps can occur.9- Chromosomal inversions can cause inversions because of unbalanced or deleted meiotic products; something going wrong in meiosis affects the sex cell because meiosis is the process ofproducing sex cells.Extra notes that can be helpful for discussion questions:-Systematics is the study of biological diversity and its origins it focuses on understanding the relationships between species, higher taxa, or genes-Character is a feature or trait and character state is the conditions of the character-Phylogeny: “Philosophy of Zoology” was published by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809“Haeckel” wrote “Generelle Morphologie der Organismen” in 1866-Darwin’s Notebook 1837 “The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes beenrepresented by a great tree. I believe this simile largely speaks the truth. The green and budding twigs may represent existing species; and those produced during former years may represent the long succession of extinct species.”3/31/15Discussion Questions7- Are the sucking mouthparts in the cicada and mosquito homologous?No, they are not homologous since there are organisms closer to mosquitoes and cicades that don’t have sucking mouthparts. Sucking mouthparts of mosquitoes are homologous since they come from the same ancestor5- How is the phenomenon of convergence good evidence for the existence of the process of evolution? Use real examples-Piercing part of mosquitoes/cicadas-cacti and euphorbes: There 2 unrelated organisms are undergoing natural selection, evolving and starting to look alike8- When studying evolutionary relationship, what are the problems that might be associated with discovering the relatedness of parasitic organisms to other species?-can be hard since parasites are small-natural selection of parasites vary and are very different that normal organisms which makes it hard to compare both9- DNA is homologous among all life- except a few viruses. DNA determines how things are related.10- 2 synonyms of “phylogenetic tree”: planogram and phylogeny 12. For 3 taxa, there are 10 possible trees. It exponentially grow as number of taxa increases.13. Polytomy: a tree more than 2 branches coming out of each