PSYX 100 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I II III Prenatal Development Environmental Factors Childhood Development Outline of Current Lecture I Motor Development II Differences in Temperament III Development of Attachment IV Cognitive Development Current Lecture I II Childhood Development Motor Development a Gradual unfolding of a child s genetic blueprint b Progression of muscular coordination i Ex grasping reaching out playing with blocks sitting crawling walking c Basic principles i Cephalocaudal trend develop head to foot 1 Control of arms before legs ii Proximodistal trend center outward 1 Torso before extremities d Maturation nature vs experience nurture i Maturation genetics does play a role but experience largely determines a child s motor development e Developmental norms median age at which developmental steps occur i Environmental factors can change development ii Culture can change development Differences in Temperament a Temperament research i Cross sectional easier to do less drop out ii Longitudinal more sensitive to change These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III b Temperament characteristic mood activity level and emotional reactivity of a child c Three basic temperament styles i Easy 40 1 Happy regular adaptable ii Slow to warm up 15 1 Less cheery less regular wary of new experiences iii Difficult 10 1 Glum erratic and generally irritable iv Mixed 35 1 Children who did not fall perfectly into one single category v Temperament at 3 months was a good predictor of temperament at 10 years Development of Attachment a Attachment close emotional bonds of affection that develop between child and caregiver i Theory of attachment states that attachment begins the day a child enters the world ii A peak is seen around 6 8 months b Separation anxiety emotional distress when infants separated from attachment figures i Peaks around 14 18 months c Behaviorist view of attachment Harry Harlow i Monkey study attachment is NOT a strict response to feeding ii Comfort is key iii Ethological theory of attachment 1 Infant s emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival d Types of attachment i Mary Ainsworth ii Strange situation 1 Secure attachment use mother as a base for exploration a Mother is sensitive and responsive 2 Anxious ambivalent attachment anxious when mother is present protest when she leaves not comforted at return of mother 3 Avoidant attachment unresponsive to mother when present avoidant and slow to greet on return 4 Disorganized attachment insecure attachment confusion at reunion with mother a Often mother is abusive e Developing secure attachment i Maternal sensitivity primary caregiver is sensitive to a child s needs IV ii Child temperament iii Cultural differences attachment style looked at differently iv Family context 1 Daycare may reduce parental stress 2 Poverty single parent household financial instability caregiver unable to be around a lot Cognitive Development a Stage theories i Three characteristics 1 Progress through stages in order 2 Progress through stages related to age 3 Major discontinuities with dramatic transitions ii Continuous vs discontinuous b Erik Erikson 1963 i Eight stages spanning a lifetime ii Psychosocial crises determining balance between opposing polarities in personality 1 Once you solve the crises of each stage you are then able to move on to the next stage c Piaget s Theory i Jean Piaget 1920s 1980s ii Children learn by exploring their world iii Assimilation and accommodation 1 Assimilation interpreting new experiences using existing mental structures 2 Accommodation changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences 3 4 stages
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