PSY 100 1st Edition Lecture 26Outline of Last Lecture XXX. Introduction to MotivationA. Stage 3 Paper NotesB. What is motivation?C. Extrinsic versus Intrinsic MotivationOutline of Current LectureXXXI. Motivation ContinuedA. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs B. Need for Achievement Theory (McClelland)C. Goal-Setting Theory (Locke and Latham)D. Job-Characteristics Theory (Harkman and Oldham)E. Organized Behavior Modification (Luthans; Skinner)F. Drive-Reduction Theory (A.K.A Homeostasis Theory)G. Humans and BelongingCurrent LectureXXXI. Motivation Continued A. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid shapeTop1. Self-transcendence needs: find meaning and identity beyond one’s self2. Self-actualization needs: desire to live up to full potential3. Self esteem needs: need to feel recognized and respected4. Belonging and love needs: need for love and acceptance5. Safety needs: feelings of control, understanding of world (that there is order not just chaos), desire to feel safe6. Physiological needs: basic human needs (thirst and hunger)BottomB. Need for Achievement Theory (McClelland)Also noted as the N-Ach personality traitAchievement motivation refers to an individual’s:1. Desire for accomplishments2. Effort for (when) mastering skills3. High standards of performanceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.This theory says that people who are high in the N-Ach trait (people who like autonomy, clear feedback, challenging tasks etc.) are very employable because they perform better overall. C. Goal-Setting Theory (Locke and Latham)Goals are the direction of ones actions and a motivatorMake SMART goals:Specific – create not only goals but also sub-goals to narrow it downMeasurable – allows for feedbackArduousRealistic – tangible goalTime based – stay committed!SMART goals focus energy, encourage persistence, motivate etc.Goal setting results in personal and job benefits. D. Job-Characteristics Theory (Harkman and Oldham)Focuses on the job and work environment rather than the individual.Job enrichment is the process of making work and work environment more motivating.Job enrichment includes changes to variety of skills, feedback, significance of tasks etc.Job enrichment leads to positive psychological outcomes which encourages intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction.E. Organized Behavior Modification (Luthans; Skinner)Closely related to behaviorism and operant conditioningOBM 5 steps:1. Identify behavior2. Establish basic rate frequency3. Determine current rewards/punishments4. Develop and apply new strategy to change behavior using positive reinforcement5. Evaluate interventionOBM works for tangible goals with a rewardF. Drive-Reduction Theory (A.K.A Homeostasis Theory)Needs: food and waterDrive: hunger and thirstDrive-reducing behaviors, for example, are eating and drinking because it reduces those drives. Similar to arousal theory (that humans seek and are driven by desire for optimal level of arousal)G. Humans and BelongingBelonging: being connected to others, part of a group, family or community.Creating bonds with others aids human survival in 5 ways:1. Emotional support2. Keeping children close to their caregivers3. Protection4. Cooperation (when getting (or hunting for) and distributing food)5. Division of