PSYC 2777 1st Edition Exam #3 Study GuideChapter 7: MotivationHow does achievement motivation differ in collectivist vs. individualist cultures?- Collectivist- goal of the group/society - Individualist- personal goalsDifference between “need” and “drive”- Need- state caused by deprivation- Drive- internal arousal, direct behavior to satisfy a needHumanistic theories of motivation. What types of goals do they suggest that people strive toward?- Strive for self-actualization- Focus on human dignity, choice, and potential Evolutionary psychologists suggest that human sexual motivation generally serves what?- Men prefer younger, physically attractive woman- Women prefer slightly older, wealthier menWhat do cross-cultural studies reveal about group differences in aggression?- If culture violence is rare, then culture is more sensitive to violence- If culture violence is common, then culture is less sensitive to violenceCriticisms of Maslow’s work- “self” focus doesn’t apply across culturesWhat does psychoanalysis emphasize to a greater extent than most modern theories?- Maslow’s work- Bias on emphasizing Maslow’s values, but they are not universal desired values Evolutionary approach to human motivation- Motivated to perform behaviors that help with survival and reproduction How might differences in social norms about sexual behavior affect research on this subject?- Different cultures have different political, religious, and moral positions How do people’s food preferences generally develop?- The more exposed to a certain food, the more acceptant that food becomesIntrinsic and extrinsic motivation- Intrinsic- pleasure from within- Extrinsic- external factors What does research show about the relationship between the economic development of a nation and cultural syndromes such as achievement motivation?- Depending on culture, depends on whether achievement motivation was brought up as children- In some cultures children books emphasize achievement motivation as an example- This is taught less in communist countries Traditional and nontraditional cultures generally view a variety of sexual behaviors- Traditional- strong restrictions on expression, pre-marital sex, and homosexuality - Non-traditional- fewer restrictions, somewhat more tolerance of expressionWhat does research reveal about the interaction between environmental violence on the development of a violent pattern of responding within the individual?- Higher levels of poverty causes more violence- Best predictor for violence is povertyChapter 8: Development and SocializationVarious stages of development- Natural changes such aso 1st wordso Permanent teetho 1st menstruationo Facial hair- Different views of life cycle Development and Socialization- Development- physical and social changes across life span- Socialization- process by which a person becomes a member of a culture What is the difference between broad and narrow socialization?- Broad- more freedom in choices, but more stress- Narrow- less freedom in choices, with less stressCross-cultural differences in infant mortality- Depending on country, depends on infant morality- Depends on socioeconomics and political conditions- Numbers vary through culturesAre there any cultural differences in how parents praise their children?- There was a test that proved that U.S praises their children more than most countriesTwo types of intelligence- Crystallized intelligence- accumulated knowledge and experience- Fluid intelligence- speed, ability to learn new concepts and apply information in new waysWhat values does the final stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development promote?- Post conventional stage: individual rights and ethical principles Cross-cultural research on handedness- Right handedness is more common- Left handedness is viewed different depending on cultures, some cultures don’t allow left handednessHow long does the socialization process last?- The process takes a while depending on what the individual is adapting toSuppression-facilitation hypothesis- Rewarded excessively- Discouraged behaviors will occur lessChapter 9: DisordersCentral and peripheral symptoms of disorders- Central- universal- Peripheral- culture-specific Relativist and universalistperspectives of psychological disorders- Relativist- disorders shaped by cultureo Pathological in one culture=normal in others- Universalist- disorders similar everywhere What guidelines for diagnosing disorders are provided to American therapists?- DSM- ICDWhat are some cross-cultural differences in how people from Eastern and Western cultures report symptoms of their depressive illness?- Eastern- more focus on body and connection with mind- Western- Mind-body separationHistorically, how as schizophrenia been viewed?- Use to not treat schizophrenia- Use to lock up patients Difference between how people in individualistic and collectivistic cultures address their psychological problems- Collectivistic- together, as a group is the problem- Individualistic- self psychological problemBe familiar with ethno cultural differences in susceptibility to substance use disorders and suicide- Depending on cultures, depends on why suicide- Also, shaped by religion - Japan culture might commit suicide due to honorable way to escape failure- Muslim culture is under-reported due to guilt and shame- U.S culture it’s high among whites, native Americans teensIs there evidence to support the notion of local or national personalities?- Not much