NUTR 3336 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture ► Diseases of the Neurological SystemChapter 22Nutrition PathophysiologyClaudia Scott MS, RD, LD► Introduction► Acute neurological diseases initiate metabolic responses that require intensive nutrition therapy► Progressive neurological diseases involve many possibilities for impairment of nutritionalintake and status► The Nervous System► Has 2 major divisions: Central Nervous System (CNS)► Brain, spinal cord, associated nerves► Major fxn: Process sensory info after the appropriate responsive motor signal is generated Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)► All other components of the nervous system► Major fxn: Conducts the transmission of impulses between the CNS and peripheral organs► Neurological Disorders► Epilepsy A condition characterized by recurrent seizures Defined as more than 2 unprovoked seizures Common causes:► Head trauma, CNS infections, drug and Etoh abuse, CNS tumors, CVD► Neurological Disorders► Stroke and Aneurysm Stoke (CVA) defined as an interruption of brain fxn due to blockage or interruption of blood flow to the brain► Ischemic Stroke► Hemorrhagic Stroke► Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)► Aneurysm Progressive Neurological Disorders► Parkinson’s DiseaseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. A neuromuscular, neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra portion of the brain Progressive Neurological Disorders► Parkinson’s Disease Etiology► Genetics► Environmental Toxins► Prions► Oxidative Stress► Imbalance of Neurotransmitters► Mitochondrial Dysfunction► Loss of Dopamine-Producing Cells► Abnormal Inflammatory Response► Improper Response to Dopamine within the Brain► Increased Rate of Cell Death Progressive Neurological Disorders► Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology► Imbalance of dopamine and GABA within the brain the usually would maintain slow, coordinated movements, muscle tone, and posture Progressive Neurological Disorders► Parkinson’s Disease Clinical Manifestations► Resting tremor► Rigidity► Bradykinesia► Stooped posture► Postural instability► Mask-like facial features► Shuffling gait► Also- depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, sensory abnormalities, pain, cognitive dysfunction Progressive Neurological Disorders► Guillain-Barré An acute peripheral nervous system disease characterized by progressive paralysis Etiology► An autoimmune response to an infectious trigger Pathophysiology► Autoantibodies attack specific cells of the nervous system after infectious exposure resulting in damage to the myelin sheath, axons, sensory nerves, and roots of nerves Progressive Neurological Disorders► Guillain-Barré Clinical Manifestations:► Rapidly progressive paralysis that can involve all limbs► Cranial nerve involvement resulting in severe dysphagia and respiratory failure Progressive Neurological Disorders► Multiple Sclerosis Definition: “Hardening of Tissue” Etiology► Cause is unknown but thought to be related to: Genetics Autoimmune Factors Infectious Factors Pathophysiology► Destruction of the myelin sheath and axons occurs and results in damaged communication between neurons Progressive Neurological Disorders► Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Manifestations:► Numbness► Tingling► Uncoordination► Weakness► Difficulty Swallowing► Constipation► Bladder Dysfunction Progressive Neurological Disorders► Dementia This is a general term for conditions that involve loss of memory These conditions may also include impairment of language, judgement, calculation, and problem solving Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common type of dementia Progressive Neurological Disorders► Dementia Etiology► Alzhiemer’s Disease is classified as: Early, Late, or Familial onset Pathophysiology► Two majors changes occur that interrupt normal processes of the brain Beta amyloid plaques develop between nerves (preventing the neurons from functioning normally) Tau forms tangles within neurons and the neurons eventually die Progressive Neurological Disorders► Dementia Clinical Manifestations► First stage symptoms Changes in memory, reasoning, language As damage spreads to other areas of the brain (cerebral cotex):► Language, reasoning, sensory processing, and purposeful action affected► Terminal stage symptoms Significant atrophy with widespread damage throughout areas of the entire brain Neurotrauma and Spinal Cord Injury► Traumatic Brain Injury Can be closed or open head injuries► Closed: the skull is not fractured but the brain tissues have experienced trauma► Open: Involves an actual skull fracture or penetration of brain tissue► Neurotrauma and Spinal Cord Injury► Traumatic Brain Injury Etiology► Usually the result of falls or automobile accidents Pathophysiology► Swelling and bleeding within and around the brain► Increased intracranial pressure► Neurotrauma and Spinal Cord Injury► Spinal Cord Injury Involves fractures or compressions to the vertebrae with consequent damageto thenerve cells Etiology► Results from trauma or accidents Violence Sports injuries Diseases► Neurotrauma and Spinal Cord Injury► Spinal Cord Injury Pathophysiology► Level of injury will determine overall signs and symptoms Paraplegia Quadriplegia or TetraplagiaOutline of Current Lecture ► Diseases of the Respiratory System► Nutrition Pathophysiology► Chapter 23► Anatomy of the Lungs► Measures of Pulmonary Function► Percussion► Auscultation► Pulmonary Function Tests Pulse Oximetry Spirometry► Nutrition and Pulmonary Health► Malnutrition has adverse effects on clinical outcomes May impact the strength and endurance of respiratory muscles (diaphragm) May depress immune function► Antioxidants may promote healthy lung function► Nutrition and Pulmonary Health► Respiratory Disease includes a variety of symptoms that may effect dietary intake such as: Early satiety Anorexia Weight loss Cough Dyspnea Asthma► Chronic Inflammatory Disorder of the airway Primary problem is inflammation► Causes wheezing,