CDFR 2001Exam # 1 Study Guide Chapters 13, 14, & 15Emotional and Social Development in Middle ChildhoodAccording to Erikson, the combination of adult expectations and children’s drive toward masterysets the stage for the psychological conflict of middle childhood. What is this stage called and what ages does it include? What are the possible dangers in this stage?- This stage is called industry versus inferiority. This stage is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. Children in this stage are usually 6- to 11-year-olds. - When children have little confidence in their ability to do things well they develop a sense of inferiority. This inadequacy can develop when family life has not prepared children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children’s feelings of competence and mastery with negative responses. Who is more likely to be a child sexual abuser? Who plays an important on role on adolescents career choices? What type of children is at risk for long-term emotional distress? - A child sexual abuser is more likely to be male and either a parent or someone they know very well. The mother is usually the first one to be told about it.- There are many individuals that play a large role in adolescent career choices. Their career choices are shaped throughout their life and are subject to change. Family background and peers both play a role on vocational choices. Teacher’s especially play animportant role in adolescent career choices as they spend a large amount of time with them- Children who are deprived, experience ongoing danger, and live in chaotic environment are most likely to be at risk.What is propositional thought? What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning? What is personal fable? - Propositional thought is when you use abstract logic when you do not have concrete examples. This means youth can determine whether a statement is logical based solely onthe wording of the statement, rather than having to observe or re-create the actual scenario to determine if it is logical.- Hypothetico-deductive reasoning is a proposed description of scientific method. According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that could conceivably be falsified by a test on observable data.- Personal fable is a belief held by many adolescents telling them that they are special and unique, so much so that none of life's difficulties or problems will affect them regardless of their behavior.During puberty what tends to grow first and at what age do hormonal changes occur and what hormones are involved? What are primary and secondary sexual characteristics and what gender reaches puberty first and what is the first sign of puberty in boys what is the strongest correlating factor with the overall self-worth during adolescence and childhood?CDFR 2001- What grows first are the legs, feet, and hands. It is than preceded by the torso. Hormonal changes are under way at about ages 8 or 9. Both androgens and estrogen are involved but at varying levels in both male and female and sexual maturation is controlled by thesesex hormones. - Primary sexual characteristics involve the reproductive organs directly whereas secondary sexual characteristics are those that appear during puberty. Secondary sex characteristics are caused by hormones released at the time of puberty, which usually is around two years earlier in girls than in boys. The beginning of adolescence is usually marked by the onset of puberty. The enlargement in testes are the first sign of puberty in boys. When compared to other adolescents, western adolescents are given partial adult status at varying ages depending on their parents and have an earlier transition into adulthood than those in tribal or village societies. - The strongest correlating factor is physical appearance. When does sibling rivalry occur? During middle childhood, what is the determining feature that defines a friendship? The leading killer of U.S teenagers are automobile accidents, why is this?- Sibling rivalry occurs during early childhood but wanes off in middle childhood. Same-sex sibling rivalry increases especially if they are close in age. - During middle childhood, trust is a determining factor in friendship. They have to be abledisclose information without the fear of someone telling others their private information to others. - Automobile accidents is the leading killer and is correlated with adolescents emphasize on short–term consequences/goals rather than long–term consequences/goals. Texting has become increasingly popular and with it a new style of language has emerged. This new type of teenage language (slang) shows what capacity in adolescents? Along with texting, sexting has also increased. Who is more likely to use contraception? - Teenage slang shows the capacity of learning a second-language. - Teenagers whose parents talk positively and are open to talking about sex are more likely to use contraception than those who do not receive any information and whose parents refer to sex as