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UConn GEOG 2300 - Surface Water

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GEOG 2300 1st Edition Lecture 27Outline of Last Lecture I. Surface WaterII. River SystemsIII. FloodsOutline of Current Lecture I. Monitoring DischargeII. LakesIII. Saline LakesIV.Saving WaterV.Groundwater Current LectureI. Monitoring DischargeA. The discharge of a stream is a combination of base flow and surface flowB. Base flow: steady, year-round flow from groundwater into the streamC. Surface flow: occurs during storms when the infiltration capacity is exceeded on hill-slopes and extensive overland flow reaches the streamsD. Surface flows occur much more rapidly and create larger peaks in the hydrographE. Reducing infiltration capacity leads to larger, and more frequent, flood eventsF. Flood events  more pollution G. Flood waves appear as peaks in hydrographH. Because discharge is proportional to cross-sectional are, rivers in flood will bedeeper and overflow banksI. Large floods occur rarely because the right combination of precipitation that leads to them occurs rarelyJ. If all discharges are plotted against the probability that they will occur, the likelihood of a flood of a given magnitude occurring can be determined, ex: 50 year flood, 100 year flood (assuming conditions within the river basin don’t change) K. Which of the following is true of stream discharge? Discharge is the same for any stretch of stream where there are no additions from other streams or groundwaterThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.L. Red River Flood (1997): numerous snow storms (including one in April), saturated soils, flat terrain, large catchment, decimated Fargo and Grand ForksII. LakesA. Lake: receives input from streams, overland flow, and groundwaterB. Lakes lose water from outlets and by evaporationC. Lakes tend to be short lived on a geologic timescale (filled in by sediment andvegetation or dry out as outlet streams erode over 100’s-1000’s of years)D. In moist climates, the water level of a lake coincides with the level of the groundwater tableIII. Saline LakesA. Saline lakes: characteristic of arid areas (evaporation leaves salts behind)B. Saline lake basins have no outlet and therefore water leaves through evaporation (endorheic basin)C. Excessive evaporation creates salt flatsIV. Saving WaterA. Clean water is essential for life so it’s very importantB. Turn off tap when soaping your hands or brushing your teethC. Turn off shower when soaping or shampooingD. Use hand sanitizer instead of washing handsE. Use gray water to water your plantsV. GroundwaterA. Precipitation absorbed by soil (infiltration)B. If soil is saturated, or precipitation is too rapid-runoff (leading to overland flow)C. Saturated zone: Subsurface water saturating bedrockD. Water table is highest under hills (seepage into streams lowers it in valleys)E. Springs emerge where water emerges from the groundF. Aquifer: porous rock saturated with groundwaterG. Aquicludes: other layers of impermeable rocks keep that water inH. Unconfined aquifer: when permeable sediments lie between the water table and the surfaceI. Confined aquifer: if impervious rock caps the aquifer such that the pressure in the aquifer is higher than it would be without the impervious rockJ. Artesian well: a well dug into a confined aquifer K. Flowing artesian well: if the pressure in the confined aquifer is great enough that water flows out of the wellL. When water is removed from an aquifer by a well, it pulls down the water table near the well, forming cone of depressionM. The amount by which the water level is reduced from the original water tablelevel is called the aquifer


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UConn GEOG 2300 - Surface Water

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