Continuous Material - Divisions of the Human Body and How it MovesWhy Kinesiology?Reference PositionsDivisions and Major Parts of the BodyTerminologyMovements of the bodyJoints and Movement - PlanesPlanes of MotionCardinal Planes of MotionDiagonal Planes of MotionAxes of RotationSagittal PlaneFrontal planeTransverse PlaneDiagonal or oblique axisSkeletal TissuesComponents of Connective TissueOsteologyBone PropertiesBone TypesLongShortFlatIrregular bonesSesamoid bonesFunctions of BonesLong Bone SegmentsBone GrowthEffects of stress on bonesBone MarkingsJoint Classifications & ActionsFunctions of a JointMovements of JointsRange of MotionMovements in JointsAnatomy of a JointSynarthrodial JointsAmphiarthrodial JointsSyndesmosisSymphysisSynchondrosisDiarthrodial JointsMovement at Diarthrodial JointsUniaxial Synovial JointsTrochodial/Pivot JointsGinglymus /Hinge JointsBiaxial Synovial JointsCondyloidal JointsMultiaxial/Triaxial Synovial JointsEnarthrodial/ Ball-and-Socket JointsMultiaxialAnthrodial/ Gliding JointsSellar or Saddle JointsJoint Mobility vs. StabilityPhysiological movements vs. Accessory motionsAccessory MotionsSpin –Roll (rock) –Glide (slide) (translation) –Accessory MotionsPhysiologic MotionKnee Accessory MotionsMuscle Function & ContractionMuscle FunctionLine of PullMuscle ActionsMuscle Fiber ArrangementParallel (longer)Oblique (shorter)Longitudinal vs. PennateMuscle TerminologyTypes of ContractionIsometricIsotonicConcentric ContractionsEccentric ContractionsIsokineticSummary of ContractionsRoles of MusclesAgonist musclesAntagonist musclesFixator/stabilizer:SynergistForce CouplesNew Material – Shoulder, Arm, Forearm, and HandKIN 325 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Continuous Material - Divisions of the Human Body and How it MovesWhy Kinesiology?- Kinesiologyo The study of motion or human movement- Anatomic Kinesiologyo The study of the human musculoskeletal system- Biomechanicso The application of mechanical principles or physics to human movement- How is this applicable to you and your chosen profession?- Knowledge & understanding needed to:o Recognize dysfunction in movement patterns and identify correctionso Help younger individuals to become more efficient movers for life skills and/or performanceo Select exercises to strengthen/condition various parts of bodyo Analyze skills or movement of the body to improve technique or performanceReference Positions- Anatomic Positiono Describes the human body in an upright, forward facing position with palms facing up or forwardo Most widely used reference position- Fundamental Positiono Same as anatomic, but with arms at body’s side with palms facing hipsDivisions and Major Parts of the Body- Axial Skeletono Heado Necko Trunk- Appendicular Skeletono UE Shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, hando LE Pelvis, thigh, leg, footTerminology- Specific terminology is utilized to describe anatomical positioning- Used to reference location on body when in anatomical position- May use alone of in combinationo Ex: Posterior vs. posterolateral- Termso Anterior Towards the front Also known as ventral or at hand – volar/palmaro Posterior Towards the back or rear Also known as dorsalo Lateral Farther from midlineo Medial Closer to midlineo Inferior (infra) Below in relation to another structure Also referred to as caudalo Superior (supra) Above in relation to another structure Also referred to as cephalico Distal Farther from the axial bodyo Proximal Closer to the axial bodyo Deep Farther from the surface of the bodyo Superficial Close to the surface of the bodyo Prone Body lying in a downward facing position On stomacho Supine Body lying facing upward On backo Ipsilateral On the same sideo Contralateral Pertaining to or relating to the opposite sideo Bilateral Both sideso Caudal below in relation to another structure; inferioro Cephalic above in relation to another structure; higher, superioro Dorsal relating to the back; being or located near, on, or toward the back,posterior part, or upper surface ofo Ventral relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part ofo Palmar relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hando Volar relating to palm of the hand or sole of the footo Plantar relating to the sole or undersurface of the footMovements of the body- Flexiono Moving one segment towards another - causing a decrease in joint angleo Ankle: Dorsiflexion- Extensiono Moving one segment away from another – causing an increase in joint angleo Ankle: Plantarflexion- Hyperextensiono Continuation of extension- Abductiono Away from the midline (horizontal abduction)o Wrist: Radial deviationo Ankle: Eversiono Scapula: Protraction- Adductiono Toward the midline (horizontal adduction)o Wrist: Ulnar deviationo Ankle: Inversiono Scapula: Retraction- Rotationso Medial rotation = internal rotationo Lateral rotation = external rotationo Trunk rotations – must identify left or right- Circumduction – collective motion of 4 directionsJoints and Movement - PlanesPlanes of Motion- Imaginary three-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved- Used to describe the direction a motion is occurring- Motion through a plane revolves around an axis- There is a ninety-degree relationship between a plane of motion & its axisCardinal Planes of Motion- Three basic or traditional planes in relation to bodyo Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane Divides body into equal bilateral segments Bisects body into 2 symmetrical halves of left & right Motion provided:- Flexion/Extension- Examples: sit up or walkingo Frontal or Coronal Plane Divides body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves Example of movement:- Jumping jacks, side shuffleo Transverse or Horizontal Plane Divides body into a top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves Example of movement: Trunk rotationDiagonal Planes of Motion- High Diagonalo Upper limbs at shoulder jointso Overhand skills EX. Baseball Pitch- Low Diagonalo Upper limbs at shoulder joints Underhand skills EX. Discus Throwero Lower limbs at the hip joints EX. Kickers & PuntersAxes of Rotation- For movement to occur in a plane, it must turn or rotate about an axis (axial movement)- The axes are named in relation to their orientation- Axial movement synonymous with circular angular and rotary movemento Ex: Think about a tire – moves around an axiso Ex: Pencil and paper