Campbell s Biology 9e Reece et al Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules In Chapter 5 the principles of chemistry covered in earlier chapters are applied to the understanding of biological polymers and lipid membranes The emphasis is on properly linking monomers and their polymers and on the structural and functional diversity of the different polymer types Particular attention is given to protein structure because this is central to understanding subsequent chapters on metabolism molecular biology and molecular medicine Multiple Choice Questions 1 Humans and mice differ because A their cells have different small organic molecules B their cells make different types of large biological molecules C their cells make different types of lipids D their cells have some differences in the sequence of nucleotides in their nucleic acids E their cells make different types of proteins Answer D Topic Concept 5 1 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 2 Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions A hydroxyl groups B carbonyl groups C carboxyl groups D either carbonyl or carboxyl groups E either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups Answer E Topic Concepts 5 1 4 3 Skill Application Analysis 3 Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions A fatty acids B disaccharides C DNA D protein E amylose Answer A Topic Concept 5 1 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 1 Copyright 2011 Pearson Education Inc 4 In animal metabolism most of the monomers released by digestion of food macromolecules are metabolized to provide energy Only a small portion of these monomers are used for synthesis of new macromolecules The net result is that A water is generated by animal metabolism B water is consumed by animal metabolism C the water consumed is exactly balanced by the water generated to maintain homeostasis D water is consumed during homeostasis but water is generated during periods of growth E water is generated during homeostasis but water is consumed during periods of growth Answer B Topic Concept 5 1 Skill Application Analysis 5 Which of these classes of biological molecules consist of both small molecules and macromolecular polymers A lipids B carbohydrates C proteins D nucleic acids E lipids carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids all consist of only macromolecular polymers Answer B Topic Concept 5 1 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 6 Which of the following is not a polymer A glucose B starch C cellulose D chitin E DNA Answer A Topic Concept 5 1 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 7 What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers A phosphodiester linkages B hydrolysis C dehydration reactions D ionic bonding of monomers E the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers Answer C Topic Concept 5 1 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 2 Copyright 2011 Pearson Education Inc 8 How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long A 12 B 11 C 10 D 9 E 8 Answer C Topic Concept 5 1 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 9 Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis A Dehydration reactions assemble polymers and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers B Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid membranes and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes water permeable C Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis D Hydrolysis creates monomers and dehydration reactions break down polymers E Dehydration reactions ionize water molecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers hydrolysis reactions release hydroxyl groups from polymers Answer A Topic Concept 5 1 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 10 Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen A starch B glycogen C cellulose D chitin E amylopectin Answer D Topic Concept 5 2 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 11 The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6 What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions A C18H36O18 B C18H32O16 C C6H10O5 D C18H10O15 E C3H6O3 Answer B Topic Concept 5 2 Skill Application Analysis 3 Copyright 2011 Pearson Education Inc 12 The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the form Which of the following could amylase break down A glycogen B cellulose C chitin D glycogen and chitin only E glycogen cellulose and chitin Answer A Topic Concept 5 2 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 13 On food packages to what does the term insoluble fiber refer A cellulose B polypeptides C starch D amylopectin E chitin Answer A Topic Concept 5 2 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 14 A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a A carbohydrate B lipid C monosaccharide D carbohydrate and lipid only E carbohydrate and monosaccharide only Answer E Topic Concept 5 2 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 15 Lactose a sugar in milk is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule How is lactose classified A as a pentose B as a hexose C as a monosaccharide D as a disaccharide E as a polysaccharide Answer D Topic Concept 5 2 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 4 Copyright 2011 Pearson Education Inc 16 All of the following are polysaccharides except A lactose B glycogen C chitin D cellulose E amylopectin Answer A Topic Concept 5 2 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 17 Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose A They are both polymers of glucose B They are cis trans isomers of each other C They can both be digested by humans D They are both used for energy storage in plants E They are both structural components of the plant cell wall Answer A Topic Concept 5 2 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 18 Which of the following is true of cellulose A It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose B It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells C It is digestible by bacteria in the human gut D It is a major structural component of plant cell walls E It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose it is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells it is digestible by bacteria in the human gut and it is a major structural component of plant cell walls Answer D Topic Concept 5 2 Skill Knowledge Comprehension 19 Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because A the monomer of starch is glucose while the monomer of cellulose is galactose B humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages of starch but not the