HIST107 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I II Gothic Architecture Christian attitudes toward non believers III Scholasticism Vernacular Literature IV Outline of Current Lecture I The Papacy Subdued II Theology State and Sovereignty III Avignon The Great Schism and Conciliarism Current Lecture Rulers and Ruled Church State and the Later Middle Ages Rosenwein On the surface the clash between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII seemed yet one more episode in the ongoing struggle between medieval popes and rulers for power and authority But by the end of the 13 th century the tables had turned the kings had more power than popes Showcased sources Clericis laicos 1296 Unam sanctam 1302 Charges against Boniface VIII 1303 A PHILIP IV AND BONIFACE VIII THE PAPACY SUBDUED This period 13th and 14th centuries was characterized by the emergence of increasingly strong kingship archives salaried officials standing armies etc Philip IV 1285 1314 a particularly strong royal figure Kingdom of France o War with England and taxes on church property Boniface VIII 1294 1303 the Pope during the rule of Philip IV These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Highly disapproved of the royal taxation of church property and complains about the compliance of clergy Says that the kings must have permission to do so from the Pope Philip IV o refuses to acknowledge this it is altogether necessary to salvation for every human being to be subject to the o o Roman pontiff Philip IV attempted to create an embargo to keep wealth from getting to Rome This fight is eventually calmed but the conflict between the two powers persists 1302 Conflict Pope ends up arresting the Bishop of Pantiers o As a response the Pope issues Unam sanctam o Seen as the most straightforward compilation of the Pope s authority over secular o power drawing a clear line Discussed the concept of the two swords another way to consider the two powers Spiritual sword sacraments salvation excommunication and secular sword fighting battles earthly rulings Boniface says that the sword of the king is subordinate to that of the Pope Asserted that if you are not obedient to the Pope you cannot be saved The French King rejects the Unam sanctam leads to accusations against the Pope jubilee pilgrimage to Rome 1300 called for by Boniface VIII promised forgiveness of sins many people attended Image Boniface Wounded at Anagni Italian Ms 1400 o Pope is abused by French dies several weeks later o The Antithesis of Conossa Image 1303 Anagni as the antithesis of Canossa o At Canossa an emperor begged for forgiveness by the Pope a triumph of papal o authority In this case however the papacy is on a severe decline and secular authority is o burgeoning This state between the two powers comes to characterize the ending period of the middle ages B THEOLOGY STATE AND SOVEREIGNTY Growing emphasis on the ratio status rei publicae the reason of state or city Review Augustine City of God vs Thomas Aquinas Aristotle o Augustine of Hippo believed that man was evil but the state was necessary for salvation o This idea begins to change and favors the belief that the state is a natural formation to foster the common good Aristotle For Aristotle God was not necessary for the state John of Paris 1302 Treatise of Royal and Papal Power First it should be known that kingship properly understood can be defined as the rule of one man over a perfect multitude so ordered as to promote the public good such a government is based on natural law and the law of nations o Priesthood is a spiritual power of administering sacraments to the faithful conferred by o Christ on ministers of the Church Therefore the priest is greater than the prince in spiritual affairs and on the other hand the prince is greater in temporal affairs Describing the idea that the two powers should be separated Marsilius of Padua 1280 1343 Defender of the Peace claims that the Pope needs to completely be removed from secular governance Giles of Rome On Ecclesiastical Governance 1303 showed that there was still some support for the Pope even though they were a vast minority C AVIGNON THE GREAT SCHISM AND CONCILIARISM Clement V 1304 14 Pope after Boniface o When he dies cardinals elect a new Pope in France settled in Avignon next Pope does o as well and so on and so forth Babylonian Captivity 1309 1377 The Avignon Papacy remaining in France for o o about 70 years very close relations with the French monarchs Avignon becomes the center of the Roman Church for a while Petrarch wrote about how strange it was for the Pope to be established in Avignon criticisms intensify The Avignon papacy does damage to the reputation of the papacy Great Schism 1378 1417 Conciliarism o Two Popes one in Rome and one in Avignon o Two functioning papal bureaucracies o European powers take sides division through Europe Council of Pisa 1409 3rd Pope elected Council of Constance 1415 elects Martin V the papacy restored other Popes step down leave o o o Ends the Great Schism Haec sancta reinforces the power of the assemblies of church officials Conciliarism the ultimate authority of the church does not lie with the church lies with church officials