NUR 250 1st Edition Exam #2 Study Guide1. Which of the following tests would not be considered a part of a routine prenatalexam? Amniocentesis2. Molding and fontanel are crucial to the birthing process, for they allow forpassage of the head through the birth canal.3. Development of a fetus’ neural tube prior to the development of its fingers isknown as what? Proximodistal development 4. Alcohol, drugs and medication, air pollution, diseases and radiation areconsidered Teratogens The point of harm in the fetal development sequence iscalled critical period5. Blastula. It is a ball of undifferentiated cells around a fluid filled center.The blastula burrows into the lining of the uterus to receive nutrients.Blastula implantation starts the process of cellular differentiation. Does not takeplace in the embryonic period. 6. The umbilical cord, amniotic sac and placenta develop in the: Embryonic period 7. Which is true about dizygotic twins: They are two separate fertilized eggs.Exam Two review sheet consists of an overview of the highlighted concepts, terms andideas from your lectures, and textbook. PregnancyHow is pregnancy divided? Into trimesters or periods of development. Germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal periodPregnancy: Trimester1st 40 weeksBegins at fertilizationEnds at the delivery of fetus3 trimesters1st: Food likes dislike, morning sickness, crimpy, miscarriage, tired.2nd: good appetite3rd: small meals, wt gain slows, sometimes even loses wt.pain, eyes blue, matured tosurvive outside the womb, teste for everything.Period of development Germinal Period: Fertilization:- Union of the ovum and sperm; one of millions of sperm has the potential topenetrate the ovum, fallopian tube overcoming obstacles like mucous and lifethreatening acidic fluids.- Sex determination: Sex of the child is determined by the father girls are xx,boys are xy.- Zygote production: Zygote is the first human cell that occurs afterfertilizationGerminal period- Conception to two weeks- Rapid cell division and production- ImplantationBlastula: Blastula-hollow fluid filled sphere of cells that eventually makes its way tothe uterus, burrows into the lining and breaks through the blood vessels to obtainnutrition.Differentiation: cell divisionSupport structures: Embryonic disc (future child) nourishment and protectionHuman chorionic gonadotropin: The supportive cells produce Human chorionicgonadotropin (HCG). HCG is the chemical tested in pregnancy tests. Increased levelssuppress further ovulation and mensesEmbryonic Period: begins after implantation completed (2nd week to 8th week)Structural changes: Placenta, Umbilical cord, Amniotic fluid are there to protect andnourish the baby.Placenta: act as a filter for nutrients( fats, sugars, proteins, vitamins enzymes andantibodies, filter out waste product, blood cell doesn’t transfer via the placenta.Bacteria and salt can’t pass as well. Virus, medication, and drug can pass creatingtoxic environment for embryo.Umbilical cord:Amniotic fluid:. Embryonic disc changesEctoderm- outer layer- (skin, neurology) brain, senseMesoderm- middle layer- (blood, muscles, excretory system)Endoderm-inner layer- (digestive, endocrine) thyroid, thymus, andother organs.Fatal period: Fetal period (9th week to delivery) - Major period of function and maturation. - Critical periods: periods of fetal development that an accident here for afetus would be very intense and likely harmful. Damage dependent on timing,intensity, duration, type of toxin and threshold- Neurologic system get more sophisticated by full term to allow breathing,survival reflexes and sleeping.*Age of Viability: age in weeks where a fetus has a 50% chance of surviving outsidethe womb (21-22 weeks) keep in mind that the longer the baby stays in the wombthe better there chance of survival goes up.Twinning (monozygotic [identical] dizygote [fraternal])Spontaneous abortion: natural causes, usually in the first trimester-often caused bygenetic defects, structural interruptions of the placenta, toxins, general maternalconditions, paternal exposure to toxins, radiation.Role of the mother - Fetal success depends on the homeostatic conditions of the mother- It’s crucial for the mother to maintain homeostasisPossible events that could affect the mother’s homeostasis- The mother’s nutrition- vitamins (recommended net gain of weight 25-30lbs)- General health (any illnesses)- Habitual responses: not eating well, addiction to drug.- Unique habits (pica, substance abuse) environmental pollution. - Emotional response - Teratogens (toxins, that can be harmful to the developing fetus) - Prenatal care- Type 1 diabetes Examples of TeratogensMedications:- Illness, drugs, narcotics, radiation, injury, occupational-trans 5 Lead is aneurotoxin-result in behavior and learning problems., Mercury results in Ca.;tobacco-sga, microcephaly- Chemicals like alcohol etc. - causes FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome) *remember we do not know what the threshold of alcohol is to cause FAS. Three developmental trends Cephalocaudal- Head is the largest part of fetus.Proximodistal- Natural tube is first developed Gross to specific-Gross whole, body movement proceed movement of the armand legs.Psychosocial issues:Identification of new role: acceptance of pregnancy, attachment-Ainsworth& Bowlby,roles in the familySocialization: Feedback from those around us-Bronfenbrenner: model is a perfect fit for the role of the motherAbility to provide resources:Physical ability: mother’s health, financial resourcesCognitive ability: consider mom’s with low IQ or handicapping conditionsPsychosocial: post partial depression, support from family membersEmotional ability:Decisions about the baby-Maslow: feeding, housing, daycare and return to work.Testing during pregnancy: - Sonogram/ultrasound- non-invasive procedure - Amniocentesis – done 14th-20th week. Similarly in suspicion of a problem. Largeneedle takes a sample of the fluid for genetic analysis. - Chorionic villus sampling-done 8-12 weeks, take a sample of cells surroundingthe fetus for analysis. .- Alpha fetal protein is a blood test that can determine kidney problems, neurologicdefects. - Amniocentesis and CVS have risk to fetus, worse being miscarriage. Weigh therisk benefit of these tests. - Hepatitis, HIV, rubella titers, urinalysis.3 stages of laborStage 1. Initial-