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UMKC LS-MCRB 121 - The Concept of Immunity

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LS-MCRB 121 1st Edition Lecture 18Chapter 14I. Terminologya. Pathology: the study of diseasesb. Etiology: the study of the cause of a disease, its path, and how it progressesc. Pathogenesis: ability to cause diseased. Infection: Having a microbe in the body that should not be theree. Disease: associated with infectionf. Symbiosis: the relationship between normal microbiota and the hostg. Normal microbiota: a normal ecosystem on and in your body that is established at birthi. 10X more bacterial cells on the body than actual cellsh. Transient microbiota: short-termII. Microbial Interactionsa. Symbiont: physical contact between dissimilar organismsb. Ectosymbiont: making contact outside of hostc. Endosymbiont: making contact inside the hostd. Consortium: humansIII. Symbiosisa. Commensalism: one organism benefits and the other is unaffectedb. Mutualism: both organisms benefiti. Ex: E. colic. Parasitism: one organism benefits at the other’s expensed. Opportunistic pathogens: when normal microbiota get to the wrong place at the wrong time and become pathogenicIV. Normal Microbiota of the Skina. Mechanically strong barrierThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Ex: Keratinb. Inhospitable environmenti. Slightly acidic pHii. High concentration of NaCliii. Many areas low in moisturec. Inhibitory substancesi. Ex: lysozymed. Commensal microbes include resident and transient microbiotae. Gram-positive, salt-tolerant bacteriai. Staphylococciii. Micrococciiii. Diphtheroidsf. Yeasti. Malassezia furfurg. Aerobes on surfacei. Corynebacteriumxerosish. Anaerobes in hair folliclei. Propionibacterium acnesii. Acne Vulgaris1. Caused in part by activities of Propionibacterium acnesa. Sebumi. Fluid secreted by oil glandsii. Accumulates, providing hospitable environment forP. acnesb. Comedoi. Plug of sebum and keratin in duct of oil glandii. Results from inflammatory response to sebum accumulationi. Normal Microbiota of the Skini. Few gram-negative organismsii. Grow on oils1. YeastV. Normal Microbiota of the oral and upper respiratory tracti. Oral bacteria are responsible for dental caries (cavities)ii. Mouth contains organisms that survive mechanical removal by adhering to gums and teeth1. Contribute to formation of dental plaque, dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease2. Within hours of birth, oral cavity is colonized by microorganisms from the surrounding environmentiii. Suppress pathogens by competitive inhibition in upper respiratory systemiv. Low respiratory system is sterileVI. Nose and Nasopharynxa. Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidisi. Predominant bacteria presentii. Found just inside nostrilsb. Pharynx and trachea contain gram-positive bacteriai. Staphylococci, Micrococci, diphteroids, Streptococcic. Nasopharynx may contain low numbers of potential pathogenic microbesVII. Lower Respiratory Tracta. No normal microbiotab. Microbes moved by:i. continuous stream of mucous generated by ciliated epithelial cells or ciliary escalatorii. Phagocytic action of alveolar macrophagesiii. Lysozyme in mucusVIII. Eye and External eara. From birth throughout human life have small numbers of bacterial commensals are found on the conjunctiva of the eyei. Staphylococcus epidermidisb. External ear has similar flora to skin as well as fungiIX. Normal Microbiota of the Digestive Systema. Millions of bacteria per mL of salivab. Large numbers in large intestinec. 100 billion bacteria per gram of fecesd. Large intestinei. E. coli, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enteroccocus, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Protues, Klebsiella, Candidaii. Largest microbial population of body1. Eliminated from body by peristalsis, dequamation, and movement of mucus2. Replaced rapidly because of their high reproductive rate3. Most of the microbes present are anaerobese. Stomachi. Most microbes are killed by acidic conditionsii. Some survive if pass through stomach very quicklyiii. Some survive if ingested in food particlesiv. Small Intestine: divided into three areas1. Duodenuma. Contains few organisms2. Jejunum3. Ileuma. Flora present becoming similar to that in colonb. pH becomes more alkalinef. Genitourinary Tracti. Kidneys, ureter, and bladder are usually free of microbes1. Infection is indicated bya. >10,000 bacteria/mLb. 100 coliforms/mLc. Positive urine leukocyte esterase (LE) testii. Distal portions of urethra have few microbesiii. Female genital tract1. Complex microbiota in a state of flux due to menstrual cycle2. Acid-tolerant lactobacilli predominatea. Make an inhospitable environment for pathogensb. Produce H2O2c. Grow on glycogen secretionsX. Normal Microbiota and the Hosta. Normal microbiota protect the host byi. Occupying niches that pathogens might occupyii. Producing acidsiii. Producing bacteriocinsb. Microbial Antagonism: a competition between microbesc. Probiotics: live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effectXI. Human-Microbe Interactionsa. Human body is a diverse environmentb. Microbiomei. All the genes of the host and the microbiotaii. Goal is to determine the impact that microbial gene function has on human healthc. Human Microbiome Projecti. Initiated in December 2007 by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)1. Attempt to define ‘normal’ populations of microbes in and on human beingsii. Since 2012, genome reference collection has 178 microorganisms out of ~900 obtained iii. Information gained may lead to complex interactions between microbes and humans in both healthy and diseased statesXII. Classifying Infectious Diseasesa. Symptom: a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of diseaseb. Sign: a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of diseasec. Syndrome: a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a diseased. Epidemiologists: study the spread, cause of disease by taking in a lot of information (maps) to find the source of a disease outbreak then tell ways to control or prevent diseasee. Communicable disease: a disease that is spread from one host to anotherf. Noncommunicable disease: a disease that is not transmitted from one host to anotherg. Contagious disease: a disease that is easily spread from one host to anotherXIII. Occurrence of a Diseasea. Incidence: fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific


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