ANTH 1000 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 10 14 Lecture 10 March 11 Subsistence Strategies What are the four types of subsistence strategies Four Types of Subsistence I Foraging J Horticulture K Pastoralism L Agriculture Foraging Food procurement that involves collecting wild plants and animal foods Earliest adaptive strategy used by humans 98 of human existence Hunter Gatherers Bands Small groups 20 100 Camp moved periodically according to key resources activities occur around a central base camp satellite camps Carrying Capacity the maximum population that a habitat can sustain The Market Principle In world capitalist economy market principle governs distribution of means of production Law of supply and demand Redistribution Goods or services move from the local level to a center Flow of goods eventually reverses directions Reciprocity Exchange between social equals normally related by kinship marriage or another close personal tie Horticulture Horticulture cultivation that does not make intensive use of land labor capital or machinery Simple tools slash and burn techniques shifting between plots of land exhausted plots left These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute fallow for a period of time Production based on extensive technology need to manipulate nature not just understand it Plant cycles seasonal weather conditions soils harvest time storage etc Also supplement with foraged foods Mobility Increased sedentism typically until the soil is exhausted Slash and burn or swidden removal of plan materials by cutting and burning to prepare for planting Population larger than foragers increased carrying capacity of the land due to food production Requires more organization Kinship based societies Property and ownership Unlike foragers horticulturalists own property Ownership is kin based recognition of traditional land rights passed from generation to generation Diets Poorer overall nutrition compared to foragers Not as diverse Leisure Time High energy budgets More calories spent per person per week to procure basic survival needs Economic Production Generalists Pastoralism Lifeway that focuses on the breeding and herding large herds of domesticated herbivores Many different animals cattle sheep reindeer goats camels etc Production based on sophisticated technology knowledge of animal needs and behaviors Pasture is converted into a form palatable for humans milk blood meat artifacts bone skin etc Movements carefully planned and considered Pastoralism typically occurs in marginal agricultural land or in conjunction with horticulture Trade with agriculturalists frequent animals rarely killed for food they are an economic means of survival Property Ownership varies due to type of pastoralism Typically fewer material possessions than horticulturalists due to mobility Pasture lands Nomadic Nomadic pastoralism transhumance Nomadic pastoralists makes the most of available forage for animals by frequent habitat moves involves daily and seasonal movements by entire group May have smaller gardens when not moving members of group move herd seasonally Others remain at home base horticulture or agricultural Movements typically long distance Agriculture A subsistence procurement strategy that is based on intensive continuous use of land for the production of plant foods Typically includes one or more of the following cultivation of soils use of fertilizers or irrigation Continuum from small family farms to intensive corporate farms with thousands of acres More levels of technology than horticulture Irrigation fertilizers tractors draft animals plant cycles plant specific needs Greater specialization in crops and knowledge Sedentary lifestyle Fertilizers replace lost nutrients allowing for continued cultivation Permanent structures homes and storage Usually associated with larger population centers or cities stratified societies Carrying capacity increases dramatically and thus so does population Specialize in one or two food areas and need larger trade system Merchants food producers and layers of government develop to organize food distribution Property Ownership Yes including material possession beyond those needed for survival Lecture 11 March 23 Political Social Control Discuss the characteristics and attributes of bands tribes chiefdoms and states Bands Found among foraging societies Egalitarian social structure No single authority Leadership is informal Kin based Division of labor by age and sex No labor specialization Examples Kung Ju hoansi Inuit Aboriginal Australians Mechanisms for eliminating differences in wealth prestige and power Conflict resolution informal Uncentralized political system Group may periodically split due to conflict May have headman type of structure during times of need Prestige concern for group respect only has persuasive power Tribes Correlate to horticultural and pastoral food procurement strategies Larger populations 50 250 Property ownership in the hands of lineages and clans Kinship based social relations Conflict resolution informal Tend to be more sedentary than bands Similar to bands in their forms of leadership and they are borderline egalitarian Do not have a single leader with authority Leaders generally do not have coercive power Leaders rely on persuasive power Headman or Big Men Leadership depends on ability to organize others for example a feast Political institutions are indistinct with no centralized political system Tribal cultivators No totally autonomous tribes exist today but tribal principles continue Usually horticultural or pastoral economy Social organization Villages Descent groups kin groups Lack socioeconomic stratification and formal government Some conduct small scale warfare Chiefdoms Hereditary office of the Chief Authority legitimate power and coercive power Chief also has prestige and status ascribed which is also associated with chief s family not available to everyone thus not egalitarian Office demands tribute to be paid Often in the form of surplus Surplus is redistributed redistributive economic system Potlatch to give away The system encourages types of specialization Chief head of regional polity of 2 groups Not all Chiefdoms are the same different varieties Often unstable competition Population growing Range from horitculture pastoral agriculture Transitional form of sociopolitical organization between