PSYC 3684 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Cognitive DevelopmentII. Piaget’s stages of DevelopmentOutline of Current Lecture III. ConservationIV. Lack of ConservationCurrent LectureConservation Tasks:Brady experiment (4 year old boy)Brady came into class to do conservation tasksLack of Conservation:- Conservation tasks: appearance of an object is altered in a superficial way even though the basic properties of the substance remain the sameo Liquid, mass, number- Most preschoolers can’t solve conservationEgocentrism:- Egocentrism: considering the world entirely from ones own point of viewo Inability to try on new perspectives- Mountain model experiment (Piaget and Inhelder, 1956)o 4 year olds view three dimensional mountain modelo Doll placed in various areas around the mountaino Asked to choose a photograph that corresponds to what the doll would seeo Children choose photo that represents what THEY can seeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. Grade Buddy is best Used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Challenges to Piaget’s Preoperational Stage:- When reduce task demands younger children are capable of moreo Grover driving around a farm scene (Borke, 1975)o This worked- they chose the right photographs for Grover’s perspectiveo Maybe it is because they are more familiar with Grover than a dollo Conservation of 2-3 items (Gelman, 1972; 1998)Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11 years- Cognitive gains:o Decentration = ability to notice and consider more than one attribute of an object situation at a timeo Less focus on perceptual salience- Together these gains result in ability for logical reasoningo Example- they release the cups both have the same amount of liquid in them but one is taller and thinner, which makes the liquid appear taller in that cup- Error of interest: only able to think logically about objects, situations and events that are real or readily imaginableo Not capable of abstract thinking yeto Only concrete and logical right now Third eye problemFormal Operational Stage (12 + years)- Abstract and hypothetical thinkingo Love, truth, justice, torque, metacognition- Scientific reasoningo Logical, systematic problem solving Isolation of variables = ability to isolate operative variables Considering all possibilities and systematically testing them- Plant problem  process of elimination (isolating variables in Piaget’s words)- 4 different plants with different food and water amounts and healthKuhn and Brannock (1977):- Plant problem given to:o N = 20 4th, 5th, 6th and college freshmen- Results:o Number correct:o 4th = 3o 5th = 4o 6th = 8o College freshmen = 15Formal Operational Stage, Continued:- David Elkind (1967): error of interesto Adolescent egocentrism = problems differentiating ones own thoughts and feelings fromthose of others Imaginary audience: confusing your own thoughts with those of a hypothesized imaginary audience Personal fable: tendency to think your thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, or more unique than they really are- Example: knowing bad things happen if people drink and drive but holding the belief that you won’t experience bad things if you do itVygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development:- social constructivism/ sociocultural theory: knowledge is mutually built and constructed within the context of cultureo interaction componento culture matters3 components:1) guided participation2) internalization3) zone of proximal developmentGuided Participation:- guided participation or scaffolding: children participate in culturally relevant activities with the finely tuned assistance and support of guideso creating manageable tasks; providing directives, demonstrations, questions, feedbacko for example- teaching a children how to bake something- Hamond and Fivush (1991): “Memories of Mickey Mouse”o Scaffolding of autobiographical memoryo 3 year olds relied on prompts  they couldn’t just tell them how their experience at Disney world was- without aprompto “Daba Mona example” – professors mother in law “what is your favorite ride at Disney world?”- Eliza didn’t say anything- until Daba Mona would start to say what aboutthe ride with the song “it’s a small world after all…”- Then, Emma will speak on behalf of her experience at Disneyo 4 year olds recall spontaneouslyInternalization:- social levelo inter-psychological- individual levelo intra-psychological- transition from other-regulation to