Psych 111 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture IntelligenceI. Definitions of IntelligenceII. Psychometric PerspectiveIII. Group Differences in IQIV. Alternative PerspectivesOutline of Current Lecture I. What is motivationII. InstinctsIII. Needs and DrivesIV. Incentivesa. Extrinsicb. IntrinsicV. Eating BehaviorVI. Sexual MotivationsCurrent LectureMOTIVATIONWhy do you do what you do?• Why did you eat what you did for lunch today?• Why did you (or didn’t you) join a sorority or fraternity?• Why did you come to UM?What is motivation?Energizer and director of behavior• Biological• Psychological• Socio-culturalMotivation• Theories of Motivation• Eating Behavior• Sexual BehaviorWhat are theories of motivation?What is an instinct?Biologically programmed inclination toward particular complex behaviorExamples of Animal Instincts• Sea turtles hatch eggs on beach, then move toward ocean•Honeybees communicate by dancing in direction of foodExamples of Human Instincts• Knee Jerk ReflexThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.•Hot object reflexWhat are needs and drives?• Need something necessary for life• Drive internal tension triggered by needWhat are theories of motivation?What is arousal?Physiological or psychological state of being alert and reactive to stimuliWhat types of incentives motivate behavior?• Approachpositive outcome• Avoidancenegative outcomeWhat are intrinsic and extrinsic motivations?Extrinsicdesire to behave for external incentiveIntrinsicdesire to behave for internal incentiveExamples of Extrinsic Incentives• Praise• Money• Grades• FoodExamples of Intrinsic Incentives• Sense of competence• Sense of accomplishment• Sense of progress• Sense of autonomyWhat are theories of motivation?Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsWhat are social needs?• AffiliationInteraction with other people• BelongingStable enduring warm interpersonal relationshipsWhat are esteem needs?• Competence- mastery of skills- sense of control• Achievement- excel- outperform othersWhat is self actualization need?• Be all you can be• Fulfill one’s potentialMotivation• Theories of Motivation• Eating Behavior• Sexual BehaviorWhat is difference between hunger and appetite?• HungerPrimary homeostatic drive state“eat to live”• AppetiteSecondary desire to eat“live to eat”What factors affect when we eat?• Biological- stomach signals- chemical signals- brain signals• Psychological- memory of last meal- mood- food cues• Social-cultural- social norms- cultural expectationsWhat affects what we eat?• Evolved preferences- High fat- High sugar• Learned preferences• Cultural preferencesWhat affects how much we eat?• Sight• Smell• Quantity• Variety• Other peopleHow does sight affect how much we eat?Amount consumed depends on color of plateWhich brain areas regulate hunger?• Lateral Hypothalamus- Lesions stop eating (aphagia)- “Hunger center”• Ventromedial hypothalamus- Lesions produce overeating of palatable food- “Satiety center”Which hormones regulate hunger?• Insulin- Glucose digestion• Ghrelin- Promotes hunger• Leptin- Suppresses hungerWhat are causes of obesity?• Genetics• Environment• Life Style• Culture• Socio-economicsWhat are eating disorders?• Anorexia- < 85% of expected weight- controls eating- self-perception of obesity• Bulimia- binge eating- followed by purgingMotivation• Theories of Motivation• Eating Behavior• Sexual BehaviorWhat factors affect when we have sex?• Biological- chemical signals- brain signals• Psychological- sexual stimuli- sexual memories• Social-cultural- family, religious, and societal values- cultural expectationsBiological Factors affecting when to have sexGender Differences in Sexual Motivation• Physiological• Psychological- Thoughts about sex- Mate preferencesWhat are gender differences in mate preference?Men Youthfulness AttractivenessWomen Ambition Financial prospectsParental Investment TheoryWhat are the causes of homosexuality?• Genetics• Prenatal hormones• Brain anatomyTake Home Messages(Motivation)• Several theories contribute to understanding of some aspects of motivation• Hunger and sex are primary drives that are affected by biological, psychological, and socioculturalfactors• Need to affiliate and need to achieve are secondary drives that also motivates much of