Outline of Last LectureOutline of Current LectureCurrent LectureLecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I. Five Factor Model II. Trait Perspective III. Personological Approach IV. Life Story Approach V. Social Cognitive Perspectives VI. Biological Perspectives VII. Personality Assessment Outline of Current Lecture I. Social Psychologya. Person Perceptionb. Attributionc. Self As a Social Objectd. Attitudese. Persuasionf. AlturismCurrent Lecture I. Social PsychologySocial Psychology studies how we think about our social world how other peopleinfluence our behavior and how we relate toward other peopleExplores how people select interpret remember and use social informationa. Person perceptioni. Processes by which social stimuli such as faces are used to form impressions of othersii. Physical attractiveness 1. Beautiful is good stereotype or generalization2. Self-fulfilling prophecy of expectations being average as an essential component PSY 12000 1st Editioniii. First impressions1. Primacy effectb. Attributioni. People are motivated to discover underlying causes of behavior to make sense of behaviorii. Internal/external causesiii. Stable/ unstable causesiv. Controllable/uncontrollable causesv. Actor1. Produces behavior2. Explanations for behavior in terms of external causesvi. Observer1. Offers causal explanation of the actors behavior2. Explanations in terms of internal causesvii. Fundamental attribution error 1. Committed by obsrvers explaining actor’s behavior2. Overestimation of internal traits3. Underestimation of external situationsviii. Heuristics1. Cognitive shortcuts that allow rapid decision making2. Can play a role in social information processing3. Helpful but lead to mistakesix. False consensus effect1. Overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts as we doc. Self as a Social Objecti. Self esteem 1. Positive or negative evaluation of selfii. Positive illusions1. Positive views of self not necessarily rooted in reality iii. Self-serving bias1. Tendency to take credit for successes and deny responsibility for failuresiv. Stereotype threat1. Fast acting self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotypev. Social comparison1. Process of evaluating thoughts feelings behaviors and abilities in relation to similar othera. Downward social comparison vs upward social comparisond. Attitudesi. Opinions and beliefs (positive or negative evaluations) about people objects or beliefii. Three components of attitude1. Affectivea. Influenced by or resulting from our emotions2. Behavioral a. Influenced by our learned behavioral patterns3. Cognitivea. Influenced by our perceptions (what we think about stimulus)iii. Sometimes attitudes don’t predict behavioriv. Attitudes predict behavior when:1. Attitudes are strong2. We show awareness of attitudes and practice them 3. We have a vested interestv. Cognitive dissonance theory 1. Discomfort caused by inconsistent thoughts can be reduced by:a. Behavior to fit attitudeb. Attitude to fit behavior2. Effort justificationa. Rationalizing the amount of effort put into something3. Self Perception theory a. Inferences about attitudes by perceiving behaviore. Persuasioni. Trying to change someone’s attitudeii. Elements include communicator (source) medium target and messageiii. Elaboration likelihood model1. Central routea. Engaging someone with souch logical argument2. Peripheral routea. Involves non message factors like hot peopleiv. Resisting persuasion1. Inoculationa. Resistance to persuasion accomplished by giving a weak version of persuasive message and allowing time to argue against itf. Altruismi. Unselfish interest in helping another personii. Egoism1. Giving to another to ensure reciprocity to gain self esteem to present oneself in a particular way or to avoid social censureiii. Reciprocity1. Acting kindly toward others because they might do the same to ussomedayiv. Emotions1. Happy people more likely to help 2. Helping may improve mood may help copingv. Empathy1. Feeling of oneness with emotional state of another2. Empathy for another’s plight moves us to actionvi. Socio cultural1. Prosocial behaviors ore common in communities characterized by market economies and by investment in established religionvii. Gender1. Women -> helping in nurturing contexts and for existing interpersonal relationship2. Men-> Helping in danger and when competentviii. Bystander effect1. Kitty Genovese casea. Tendency for observer of emergency to help less when others are present due to diffusion of responsibility and tendency to look to behavior of others for cuesix. Media influences1. Exposure to prosocial media may be important to spread kindnessx. Aggression is the intentional injury or harm to another personxi. Biological influences1. Evolutionary views innate aggressive responsesxii. Genetic basis1. Proactive physical aggression in humansxiii. Frustration aggression hypothesis1. Frustration blocking attempts to reach goal always leads to aggression but some may become passive following frustration2. Other aversive experiences can cause aggressionxiv. Cognitive determinants1. Aspects of environments such as presence of weapons2. Perceptions of unfairnessxv. Observational learningxvi. Sociocultural factures1. Culture variationsa. Gap between rich and poor2. Culture of honora. Mans reputation as an essential aspect of economic survival3. Media violencea. Can prompt aggressive/ antisocial behavior in children b. Violent porn may have some effect on male sexual actionsxvii. Agression1. Agression and gendera. Generally males are more aggressive than femalesb. Depends on type of aggressionc. Relational aggression2. Reducing aggressiona. Decrease reqards for and exposure to aggressionb. Parenting strategiesi. Encourage children to develop empathy toward othersii. Monitor adolescents’ activites Citation Iannone, Nicole. "Lecture 19." Purdue University. Class of 1950, West Lafayette, IN. 31 March, 2015. PSY 120
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