ATMO 336 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture II. Weather vs. climatea. Defining bothb. Examples of important climate statisticsc. Tucson vs. san diegoIII. Intro to climate changeI. Climate change Outline of Current Lecture IV. Universal radiation lawsa. RulesV. Radiative equilibrium temperature of the earthVI. Interaction between the earth and radiation from the sunVII. The greenhouse effecta. Greenhouse gasesb. Global warmingVIII. Clouds influence on global warming/coolingIX. Greenhouse effect on the planet VenusX. Radiation imbalancesCurrent Lecture- Universal radiation lawso Radiation travels at the speed of light in space (300,000 km/sec)o All objects on earth emit radiationo Different types of radiation can be described by the energy carried by a single photon UV visible infrared radiation (decreasing photon energy)o Rules: 1. The higher the temp. of an object, the greater the rate of radiation energy emitted (sun emits more energy than earth) 2. As temperature of an object increases, a larger percentage of the total radiation emitted shifts towards higher photon energies. (sun emits more visible photons than UV or infrared)o actual energy transfer takes place when an object absorbs the radiation energy that was emitted by another object one photon is absorbed, it ceases to exist and energy is delivered to that object- radiative equilibrium temperature of the earthThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o the net affect of absorption of radiation energy from the sun and emission of radiation energy to space determines the average temperature for our planeto radiation energy asorbed equals radiation energy emitted= stead average temperature of the planet via greenhouse effect- interaction between the earth and radiation from the suno amount of radiation energy that hits the planet can be calculated using the temperature of the suno 30% is scattered back to space (reflected away) 20% by clouds 6% by air molecules and aerosols 4% by the earths surfaceo 70% is absorbed 50% by the earths surface 16% by air molecules and aerosols 4% by cloudso common that a particular location is not in radiative equilibrium, with one result being that the temperature will be changing with time at that locationo amount of solar energy that earth absorbs from the sun may result in a climate change in temperature. This includes changes in energy output of the sun changes in the concentration of aerosols in the atmosphere, which can absorb and scatter radiation from the sun. there are  natural and human- caused changes in aerosol concentrations and properties changes in cloud cover and changes in radiation properties of clouds ( some clouds reflect more than others) changes in reflective properties of earth’s surface (ex: humans convert forest to crop lands- the greenhouse effecto atompshere slows down the net rate at which the ground surface cools by radiationo allows the majority of the sun’s radiation (visible radiation) to pass through the surface where much of it is absorbed and goes into heating the surfaceo the atmosphere absorbs the majority of radiation emitted room the surface of the earth (infrared radiation). This snergy is not lost to space, so it doesn’t cool the planet water vapor and CO2 determine strength of greenhouse effect (mainly water vapor) nitrogen and O2 (most abundant gas) do not interact much with infrared radiation and are NOT greenhouse gases clouds absorb infrared photos efficiently while contributing to greenhouse effect the infrared radiation energy absorb by the greenhouse gases and clouds heats the atmosphere. The energy is shared by all gas molecules by conduction. (collisions between greenhouse gases and non greenhouse gases)o infrared radiation emitted in all directions in atmosphere gases that absorb infrared radiation also emit infrared radiation- the greenhouse effect and global warmingo concern with anthropogenic global warming= enhanced greenhouse effecto land and oceans act to cool surface because energy is being removed from the surface when it emits radiation- clouds have a large influence both on solar radiation input and infrared radiation outo cloudy nights warmer than clear nights because they emit infrared radiation that warms the surfaceo reflect much of sun radiation back to space which keeps planet cool enough- greenhouse effect on venuso covered by thick clouds, the planet absorbs 22% of the incoming solar radiation energy and reflects 78% of the incoming solar energyo because of this high reflection, it absorbs less radiation energy than earth= lower tempo atmosphere dense with CO2= strong greenhouse effect- radiation imbalanceso made up for by convection and conduction which driver air circulation in atmosphere= storms and cloudso radiation energy in> radiation energy out at surface, radiation energy in< radiation energy out in atmosphere= generates instability in atmosphere and rising air (radiation drives system towards being unstable)o radiation imbalances also drive horizontal weather and ocean circulations  tropics = solar radiation absorbed> radiation emitted to space poles= solar radiation absorbed< radiation emitted to spaceo surplus= shows latitudes where radiation energy in from the sun is greater than radiation energy emitted to spaceo Deficit= opposite of surpluso Air circulations= 60% of the transfero Ocean currents = about 40% of the