Last LectureOutlineLectureEES 1040 1st Edition Lecture 22Last LectureThe End-OrdovicianOutlineI. Taxonomic HierarchyII. A Review: The End-Ordovician Mass ExtinctionIII. Environmental Factors associated with five great mass extinctionsIV. Visual overview ch 14 page 330-331V. Silurian recovery (Fist topic Ch 14)VI. What is a reefVII. Devonian 417-354 MaVIII. Ecological PrinciplesLectureI. Taxonomic HierarchyA. Phyla – classes – orders – families – genera – species II. A Review: The End-Ordovician Mass ExtinctionA. Book 174, figure 7.131. The magnitude of extinctionB. Victims of the EO mass extinction1. See box 13-2, page 320-321a. Lophophoralesi. Suspension feeders- Using Lophophoreii. Brachiopodsb. Trilobites2. Lophophorates (3 germ layers, coelom)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Phylum Brachiopoda (brachiopods)i. Shell with two valves, lophophore, bilateral symmetry with plane of symmetry through (rather than between) two valvesii. Sedentary, suspension feedersiii. www.youtube.com/watch?v=woaMMJZkXLEb. Phylum Bryozoa (bryozoans)i. Always colonial, tiny individuals, lophophore, bilateral symmetryii. Sedentary suspension feedersiii. www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9irUZAzT8 III. Environmental Factors associated with five great mass extinctionsA. Ordovician1. Global cooling2. Sea level drop 3. (movement of Gondwana over the South Pole)B. Devonian1. Global cooling caused by increased atmospheric oxygen as plants invaded land2. Anoxia in the seaC. Permian 1. Global warming caused by flood basalts and catastrophic methane release2. Anoxia and a drop in sea level caused by formation of the supercontinent PangaeaD. Triassic1. Global warming caused by flood basaltsE. Cretaceous/Paleogene [K/Pg]1. Asteroid impact2. Sea level drop3. Cooling climates and environmental deteriorationIV. Visual overview ch 14 page 330-331A. Silurian recovery of marine invertebratesB. Devonian radiation of jawed fishC. Invasion of land1. Plants2. Invertebratesa. Arthropodsb. Mollusks3. VertebratesD. Devonian extinctionV. Silurian recovery (Fist topic Ch 14)A. Radiation of brachiopods and crinoidsB. Development of coral-strome reefsC. Marine ecosystems become more complex, more predatorsD. Radiation of brachiopods – a spindle diagram1. Page 333 figure 14-1a. Articulate Brachiopods2. Orthidaa. Important in Devonian3. Strophomenidaa. Important in Devonian4. Pentamerida5. Rhynochonellidaa. Important through until todayb. Plays role in Silurian Recoverory6. Spiriferidaa. Plays role in Silurian Recovery 7. TerabratulidaE. Silurian recovery1. No new phyla or new classes2. Most of the radiation at the family or genus level3. Increase in diversity to Ordovician levelsVI. What is a reefA. Coral reefs1. A mound or ridge on the seafloor formed by the skeletons of marine organisms (corals)a. Atollb. Barrier Reefc. Fringing Reefsi. Along coast lineB. Global distribution of modern coral reefs1. Coral reefs are restricted to tropical, shallow locations with limited sedimentation, low nutrients, and good circulationC. Modern coral reefs are the most diverse of all marine habitats, with estimates of species numbers ranging from 1-9 million.1. 1/3 of all living marine species live on coral reefsD. Phylum Cnidaria1. Polyp and medusa stages, consisting of a central mouth surrounded by tentacles2. 2 germ layers and non-cellular jelly-like layer, nematocysts, radial symmetry, tissues but no organs (muscular and nervous system by no excretory or circulatory system3. CarnivoresE. Modern Corals belong to the Order SoleractiniaF. Reef1. Building corals have only a sedentary polyp stage, and most are colonial2. Symbiotic algae live within the endoderm and enhance skeletal growtha. Symbiosisi. Close association (living together) between 2 or more speciesG. Paleozoic Reef-builders1. Rugose Corals (Cnidaria)a. Lots of septa, some solitary forms (horn corals)b. Rugose and Tabulate corals are different orders than modern day corals (Soleractinia) 2. Tabulate Corals (Cnidaria)a. Few septa, colonial, small individuals3. Stromatoporoids (Porifera (sponges))a. Stromesi. Internal lattice workH. Large-scale transitions in the evolutionary history of reefs1. From Cambrian archaeocyathid and algal reefs2. To Ordovician bryozoan and stromatoproid reefs3. To Silurian stromatoproids and tabulate coral reefs4. To Devonian rugose coral, tabulate coral, and stromatoporoid reefsVII. Devonian 417-354 MaA. Paleo-continental reconstruction1. Iowa was located below the equator in the tropicsB. Reefs formed along the margins of carious basins1. Middle Devonian 385 million years agoC. UI museum of Natural History: Devonian Diorama1. How many predators are represented? Which phyla do they belong to?VIII.Ecological PrinciplesA. Ecological Succession1. Stages a community passes through from initial establishment to maturitya. Change driven by competitionb. No changes in environmentc. Diversity is highest in middle stagesd. First =opportunists/generalistse. End=specialistsB. Example of Community Succession1. Lake Michigan forest succession (sand dunes) = after disturbance, bare ground is colonized by a. Marsh plantsi. pioneersb. then, grasses, shrubs, cottonwoodi. intermediatesc. then pinei. intermediatesd. then oak and hickoryi. climax speciesC. Devonian Period1. Solitary rugose and tabulate2. Add stomes, more tabs, and colonial rugoseStromes take over and dominate reef