Spcm 201 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide  What is an orator? Is this different than a rhetor?  Orator: a public speaker, especially one who is eloquent or skilled; emphasizes style; the good man speaking well; moral and ethical  Rhetor: rhetoric + style = eloquence; anyone can do it with proper training (Cicero); must be born with the talent (Quintilian)  Differences between the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire, and their views on rhetoric  Roman Republic Free speech  Cicero makes big claims Roman Empire  Dictatorship  No free speech Rhetoric wasn’t allowed Quintilian didn’t speak out due to possibly being killed  The relationship between Greek and Roman rhetoric  Roman Rhetoric Greek ideas taken and repackaged and restated  Romans like to emphasize style and delivery  Who is Cicero and why does he write De Orator?  Cicero: Middle class boy who received elite education because of father Earned fame as a lawyer - Gifted orator Pivoted career to politics - Roman Senate Represents the return of Teacher/Practitioner Model- Triple threat—lover, teacher, practitioner of rhetoric- Famous  Really cares about how you style your speech; artful, beautiful; passionateDe Oratore A letter he writes to his brother  With Cicero pinning for the good days when he won’t need to be in charge… He yearns for the days when “the state was at its best” Wishes to return to his study of rhetoric with his brother-Wishes to retire and continue his studies on rhetoric The Canons of Rhetoric (all five canons and what they entail)  (1) Invention  Coming up with something to say Find something and come up with arguments  (2) Arrangement/Organization We have to organize our creative inventions - Intro, body, conclusion (3) Style How you then invent and organize a speech to make it beautiful  (4) Memory  You must know what you’re talking about Remember what you’re going to say  (5) Delivery  How to use your body to get the message across Gestures  Crassus’ views on oratory (as the voice of Cicero in De Oratore) “There is to my mind no more excellent thing…than rhetoric.” Invoked the idea of free nation; peace and tranquility Rhetoric ensures these concepts  Rhetoric is something that separates us from the “brutes” Rhetoric matters not just for personal use but for our society as well  Cicero’s view on the relationship between oratory and knowledge  All knowledge requires some style Oratory requires true knowledge Knowledge requires style  Wisdom may granted to other but style has to be credited to rhetoric  Quintilian and his similarities to/differences from Cicero  Cicero is Roman Republic Focused on persuading his people Didn’t care about being a good person  Active persuasion doesn’t have to be a good person  Quintilian is Roman Empire  Practicing lawyer Never moved to politics because of danger within the Empire  Focused on being a good person  About ethics for the greater good  ETHICS  Quintilian’s views on what makes a good orator  The Five Canons What is it about Augustine’s life that allows him to bridge the divide between rhetoric and Christianity? Born a pagan “a divine voice in a country garden”  On Christian Doctrine: its purpose, value, and lessons on oratory  Purpose: how to interpret and preach scripture Value: discovery on the thought in the bible and telling other people Lessons: clergy learns from apostles learns from the clergy  What is the relationship between Scripture and Knowledge/Wisdom for Augustine?  Believes scripture is more important to know deeply then vocabulary What is exegesis and what is its role in who should learn rhetoric?  Exegesis: interpreting and preaching of the Scripture (Bible)  Knowledge: “discovering what the thought might be.”  This commitment to knowledge is why Augustine finds Plato the closest thing to Christianity! What much of On Christian Doctrine  Expression: “expressing what the thought is [to others]  Where the rhetoric comes in - Even though Augustine doesn’t want to talk about rhetoric  Subject of most of Book IV  On Christian Doctrine as a rhetorical document: what does how it is written say about Augustine’s approach to rhetorical education?  He doesn’t believe rhetoric rules are very important but looking over the bible is important  The Forms of Style (for Cicero; later adapted by Augustine);  Roman  Low style: to instruct  Middle style: to entertain;  High style: to inspire  Christian Subdued: to teach Moderate: to praise  Grand: to convert/save souls  Ars dictaminis: What is it? Who used it? Why is it rhetorical?  Ars dictaminis: the art of letter writing These Letters…  Were often read aloud - Read by a herald- Many medieval kings and queens could not read  Communicated rhetorical content - Politics, legal records, etc.  Were often written in a persuasive nature  Correspondence was sometimes published - i.e. public  Used rhetorical style - Tropes and figures Royals, Rulers, Kings, and Queens  And “lesser” nobles  The Pope and Clergy  Especially the Curia  Merchants and Businessmen  Including some women Notaries Students and Academics  “Dictators”: teachers of letter writing The five parts of a letter  Salutation: the formal greeting Potentially highly stylized  Establishes social rank between sender/receiver  Securing of Goodwill: building credibility and trust (ethos); maybe flattery  Narration: explanation of the issue or situation  Petition: Specific request for action  This is the thing I need you to accomplish after receiving this letter Conclusion: formal sign-off What is Christine de Pizan’s advice on rhetoric for princesses? For courtly ladies, in general What was the Renaissance? What is Humanism? How is humanism different than scholasticism?  Renaissance An era in which “classical” knowledge is rediscovered There is a “rebirth” of learning  Mankind’s place in life is reimagined through this change particularly through humanistic education Humanism  A movement in education that sought to craft citizens who could write, think, and speak about the experiences of man By contrast,