PSYC 330 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Introduction to traits!-Traits are a part of everyday language-Problems in everyday usage-non-operational: people use words like ‘nice’ and ‘good sense of humor’ these are used in a pretty sloppy way and it doesn’t really describe much-Dimensional vs. categorical: human tendency is to categorize, thing organization, we put things in to specific ‘thing’ categories. We always want distinct difference but, but is the world really like that? Even think about gender… there are two right? There are two? But no.. not really there are transgender, and bi-gendered. Gender identity is another factor to consider. Nature is nearly all dimensional, onsome scale of height you are not a short or a tall. They say these things in regards to traits too, oh so and so in an introvert, well no they are a on a scale and they might be high on that scale but it is a dimension. -Descriptive vs predictive: we may or may not have data saying that we have a description to make prediction on behavior. We can describe the behavior of Bryan Williams who ran into trouble for exaggeration in a book he wrote, well…. We cancall him a liar? Since he lied but can we say that he will lie a lot in the future? Not really… So for this class… we will say for a trait:-Can be reliably measured – or else we do not have anything-Individual difference variables – need a lot of variation between individuals, height could be a trait because we can measure it! Measuring difference between people and which we all have a value. we all have two eyes so that is not variables between our class so that is not a trait-almost everyone has a value – everyone has a certain among of grumpiness -seems to relate to other phenomena of interestThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Technologyattachedshort- attention spans individualism lazyinnovative entitledsocially liberalmore roles to manage/optionsmistrust – we hear more bad stories and we become more fearful and think that the world is a worse place than it used to be, and it’s really not. More liberaldepresseddependent on tech.disenchantedbusySend him 20 items. Which trait you are trying to measure, example of item is a descriptive statement, ‘I would rather stay in bed then get up and do what I have to do’ force choice 5 disagree – agree. Making a questionnaire. what we will end up with is a construct that measures millennialism. Measure a particular trait. Early Trait ModelsHenry Murray--- Harvard Clinic Director! He considered himself a personologist--- idiographic model! Need+Press = Themaneed – any kind of need that comes to you whether it is affection or criticismpress- whatever is impending on that need, it may be a need for food and there are donuts in front of you sweet, and it could be you are hungry and you have no food this is a press too. He would look at Thema and study need and press within it. Thematic Apperception Test- projective technique; has reliable scoring system – a true test has normative backdrop, this doesn’t have it so he thingsof it more as a guided interviewideal graphical model. Multiple data sources! This was a time when the eliteschool were studying their student bodies. All schools were saying we have the cream of the crop the best of the best lets follow them and see where they go and that they do! So incoming freshmen had extensive physical done, reaction time etc. and even took a picture of them naked too hahah. Some of them were followed into their 80’s, and some of these studied reallyhelped with what we know about heart disease. He would talk to the freshmen, freshmen’s roommate and students parents etc. Personality throughout the lifespan (TED talk about what it is like to be 80 and what it was like to follow these other people through out life). Projective test a standard stimulus and an ambiguous task. TAT tell a story inneeds to have an intro, middle and end. Tell about the characters in it, what are their thoughts and feelings?Commonalities in the way projection is made – the way stories are told! First story he told, there are relationships, a need of affirmation and a positive press help with his dad. Succeeded went to Juilliardsecond story, authority issue, need to play negative press from mom. These two stories the people in them are viewing the world through different templets. Criticism of projectivereliability: standardization, scoringValidity: normative sample, interpretive rules, integrationAppropriate uses: research and clinicalyou can make suggestion/hypothesis but you will need to get data from another means to validate it moreGordon Allport --- Harvard Clinic, first personality course. Coined idiographic/nomothetic. He said personality is a bunch of traits that is dynamic, they interact with each other. There are cardinal (capture the essential part of someone – blind date and you want to know about that otherperson… you ask well what are they like?), central (innate)and secondary traits (learned traits-acquired)! some traits are common, we all have some amount of friendliness or artistic appreciation, but some of us are introverted and creative this is an individualtrait bc it’s a combination of two. He studied personal documents---diaries, etc. he studied the diaries of famous people, homeless schizto’s , this was anideographical model. Refutable, testable hypothesis is what he was looking for! Humanistic too – we benefit from trying to understand people in an in depth way! He was one of the first psychologist to study religion, he was interested in capturing religiosity as a trait, he thought the most pios of any religion were similar to one another across the board. And indeed there is something to that. The most dogmatic conservative Muslim has more in common with a dogmatic conservative with another faith than with their fellow members. Prejudice, they showed that contact reduced prejudice. Andhe said we should study normal folks and not just clinical patients. Raymond CatellBorn in England, he may have been the most hardworking psychologist ever! Majored in chemistry! He became aware of a lot of social unjustness, he worked with Charles spearmen, another psychologist who pioneers a lot of use of factor analysis a statistical technique. Basically what he did was …say I want to study traits, so he had