Ces 210 1st Edition Lecture 14Current LectureAir quality and Pollutants continued…HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS- Toxic air pollutants- Pollutants that cause or may cause cancer or other serious health effects such as reproductive effects or birth defects- Very low “safe” exposure levels- EPA required to identify and required to control- >187 hazardous air pollutants on toxic release inventoryThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.https://uwm.courses.wisconsin.edu/d2l/le/content/446413/viewContent/3614450/ViewTHE CAA AND PROGRESS IN POLLUTION CONTROL- air quality standards set by EPA and enforced at state level by DNR- primary standards base on human health- non-attainment of standards forece state implementation plans with strategies for meeting set criteriaSTRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION- stable, synthetic chemical compounds (no natural sources)- changing stratospheric chemistry and UV absorption- ozone depleting chemicals like chlorofluorocarbon and carbon tetrachloride- not the cause of climate change/global warmingCFCS/ODCS TIMELINE- 1932 “Freon” invented by Thomas midgley making domestic refrigeration possible- 1974 rowland and Molina uc Irvine investigate fate of CFCs- 1984 science of stratospheric ozone depletion is confirmed- 1987 Montreal protocol on ODCs signed- 1990 amendment to CAA controlling use of CFC/ODC- today ~200 governments have endorsed the Montreal protocol treaty and the damage is slowly repairing itself; CFCs cut by 95%AIR POLLUTION AS GLOBAL PROBLEM- pollution as redistribution of wealth- national administrative laws such as US CAA work- international treaties such as Montreal protocol work- solutions are not free, but they are cheaper than environmental cost of pollution- recognition of real cost of problem will spur innovation and improvements in air quality- why not fix climate change/global warmingCLIMATE CHANGE AND AIR POLLUTIONCLIMATE CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING- climate: long-term patterns of temperature and precipitation- anthropocentric Global Warming and increase in heat capacity of the atmosphere resulting from human alterations- climate change is variations in climatePOLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE- any physical, chemical, or biological that adversely affects the health or survival of living organisms, or that alters the environment in undesirable ways- something can be harmful pollutant without being toxicATMOSPHERE- composition: nitrogen ~78%, oxygen ~21%, water ~2-3%, carbon dioxide ~.035%, aerosols: dust and particles- structure by composition and temperature- stratosphere (good ozone)- troposphere: lowermost layer where we liveENERGY BASICS- conservation of energy- heat: energy of molecular vibration- temperature: measure of the rate or speed of vibration of a typical molecule- heat capacity: water versus rick- Conduction: molecule-to-molecule transfer of heat- Radiant energy: energy as electromagnetic waves; sunlightEARTHS ENERGY BALANCE- Radiant energy from sun;insolation- Absorption and assimilation as heat- Reflection (albedo)- Photosynthesis capture- Reradtion as longwave radiant energy- Long-wave outgoing radiant energyGREENHOUSE EFFECT- Absorption and assimilation of IR radiation as heat- Greenhouse gasses: transparent to insolation but able to capture and assimilate long wave- Green house gases include CO2, H2O, CH4, N2O, CFCSOTHER HEAT TRANSFERS- Sensible heat transfer: conduction- Latent (hidden) heat exchanges: evaporation and condensation- Triggers for condensation: diabatic versus adiabatic processes - Convection: redistribution of heat by mixingGLOBAL CIRCULATION MODEL- Atmosphere set in motion by imbalance of energy from tropics to poles- Three latitudinal cells: Hadley, ferrel, and polar- Jet streams winds at top of troposphere at boundaries- Coriolis effect deflection- Surface wind belts: trade (easterly) winds, westerly winds- Seasonal north-south migration of patterns (~23.5 north and south of equator)- Control of sea surface temperature (SST) patternsNATURE CLIMATE VARIABILITY- Time and geographical scales: regional shifts occurring year to year in a cyclical pattern, hemisphere pattern changes over millennia, global changes occurring over 100,000 years- Proxy records of climate change and earth systems responsesNATURAL DRIVERS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY- Variations in solar energy (sun spot cycles): radiative forcing- Changes in earth-sun geometry: Milankovitch cycles- Internal to earths systems: volcanism (cooling from aerosols), SST patterns and cycles(el nino southern oscillation (ENSO)), greenhouse gas feedback (positive feedback responses), clouds andwater vapor (positive or negative feedback?), other internal feed-back systems?SCIENCE OF AGW- 1895 svante Arrhenius first calculate sensitivity of greenhouse gases- 1950s Post WWII science: the Suess effect (confirmation of anthropogenic atmospheric CO2), theRevelle factor (ocean absorption of CO2 ocean acidification), the Keeling curve (contiguous long-term monitoring of CO2)CAUSES OF CHANGELanduse Changes (~20%)- deforestation- industrial agriculture and soil management- wetland conversion and managementFossil Fuel Consumption (~60%)- Coal (most CO2 intensive)- Oil (variable intensive)- Natural gas (least CO2 intensive)Industrial/Waste management/Other (~20%)- Cement production- LandfillsIPCC PREDICTIONS- IPCC as meta-science: study of studies to reflect the consensus- 90% probability that the observed climate changes are the result of human activities- projects warming of 1 to 6C by 20100 with the best estimate being 2 to 4C for BAU scenarioIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE- impacts addressed by IPCC- water resources- ecosystem/biodiversity- food and agriculture- impacts on coastal regions- human health systems impactsWHAT SHOULD WE DO?- Change patterns of energy consumption- Change patterns of energy production- Rethink our industrial model of agriculture- Change how and where we liveTHE LONG THAW- IPCC reports focus on next 50 to 100 years of change- Depending on CO2 emissions the peak impact may be