Exam III Review SheetSection 1 MaterialBioenergetics, Metabolism, Endocrinology- Know the definition of homeostasiso Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment @ rest.- Know the laws of thermodynamicso 1st: Energy is never created nor destroyed. Example: Digestion of food into GI tract that goes through metabolic processes in the skeletal muscle to form ATP. o 2nd: All physical processes lead to an increase in entropy. Example: Energy taken in by humans is 25% ATP which is in order and the other 75% is lost to entropy, or heat and disorder. Humans are metabolically inefficient.- Know what ATP, NADH, and FADH are/ are used foro ATP: source of energy for muscle contractions; high energy storage molecule in the body. Contracting skeletal muscle will split this bond, releasing free energy and allowing for contractiono NADH:o FADH:- Understand which energy system will be primarily used for different types of exercise (i.e. 30-min of running= oxidative phosphorylation; 10 second spring= ATP-PC system, etc.)o AT-PC System: sprint; first 3-15 secondso Glycolysis: 100-400m run lasting 4 to 50 seconds, basketballo Oxidative Phosphorylation: >1500m run or >2 min; running, swimming, cycling- Know what Glycolysis is used for and how many ATP are producedo Glycolysis is used to produce pyruvate from the breakdown of glucose. This pyruvate will further be used in the krebs cycle; produces 4 ATP.- Know what part of the cell each energy system takes place in (i.e. ATP-PC= cytosol, etc)o ATP-PC system: cytosol of the cytoplasmo Glycolysis: cytosolo Oxidative Phosphorylation: mitochondria- Know how the electron transport chain workso NADH and FAD come to cristae and donate electrons which are carried from cytochrome to cytochrome and H molecule gets pumped into intermembrane space and causes proton build up so F-complex allows protons to come outbecause of movement against gradient produces energy. Each pump will pump 2H’s through energy from NADH donation.o Products- ATP, O2, H+. o NADH 6 H’s= 15 ATP Fo 2 FADH2=8 H’s= 3 ATPOxidative Phosphorylation ATP production tally- o 1. Glycolysis 2 ATP, 2 NADH=5 ATPo 2. Pyruvate to Acetyl- CoA 2 NADH=5 ATPo 3. TCA Cycle 2 GTP= 2 ATP, 6 NADH= 15 ATP, 2 FADH2 = 3 ATP o TOTAL= 32/Glucose- Understand the energy deficit that occurs at the beginning of exercise and EPOC that occurs at the endo Oxygen deficit- definition, when it occurs- oxygen needs and oxygen supply differ during the transition from rest to exercise so the body experiences an oxygen deficit which accumulates even at low exercise intensities. It’s calculated simply as the difference between the oxygen required for a given exercise intensity (steady state) and the actual oxygen consumption.o EPOC- definition, when it occurs, physiological causes- Excess postexercise oxygen consumption. “oxygen debt”. The volume of oxygen consumed above that normally consumed at rest. EPOC depends on many factors rather than just rebuilding of ATP and PCr and clearing of lactate produced by anaerobic metabolism. Its not clearly defined but a few physiological factos are: oxygen must be replenished during recovery, needs to clear CO2 that has accumulated in the tissues as byproduct of metabolism, body temperature is elevated keeping metabolic rate high which requires more oxygen, elevated of norepinephrine and epinephrine during exercise give the same effects. o Reform ATP, PC, and replace tissue O2 stores.o Removal of Lactic Acid [to liver (Cori Cycle) or Oxidation]o Removal of excess CO2o Body Temp and Catecholamines- Know what lactate is and how/when it is producedo How lactic acid/lactate is produced: byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis: fate of pyruvic acid. Anaerobically pyruvic acid to lactic acid which quickly dissociates and turns into a salt called lactate when H+ from lactic acid leave the rest of the compound attaches to Na+ or K+ and make a salt. Lactate can be formed into glucose in the liver via Cori Cycle.o Lactate Threshold: POINT AT WHICH PRODUCTION EXCEEDS CLEARARANCE o (higher threshold for athletes since reach muscular fatigue at higher intensity levels) good indicator of potential for endurance exercise. The point at which blood lactate begins to accumulate substantially above resting concentrations during exercise of increasing intensity.- Know how to determine lactate threshold based on the breakpoint methodo Breakpoint- Highest VO2 obtained before the rise in blood lactate (BL)o Δ1mM- VO2 at which BL rises 1mM above baselineo 2.5mM- VO2 at which BL=2.5 mMo Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)- VO2 at which BL= 4mMo Maximal Steady State- highest VO2 maintained without BL accumulation; Individual Anaerobic Threshold (IAT)o Lactate threshold is the best measure of exhaustion.- Know the definition of RER and how to interpret the valueso Ratio which determines substrate utilization or metabolic contribution of CHO or fat. RER= VCO2/VO2o Also referred to as RQ (respiratory quotient) during steady state of exercise. o 1.0=100% for CHO; 6.3 ATP/molecule of CHOo 0.7=100% for Fat; 5.6 ATP/molecule of Fat- Understand the crossover point and when each substrate would be utilized (low intensity= FAT; high intensity= CHOo Crossover effect occurs when intensity during exercise 35-40% of max effort where you switch from fat to CHO metabolism- Know the exercise response of the hormones we discussed in class (which ones increase/decrease/stay the same during exercise)o AldosteroneSecretion Site: Adrenal CortexAction: Increased Na+ and water reabsorption in the kidneysExercise Response: Positively correlated to change in plasma volumeEffect of Chronic Exercise: No effect-signal for Aldosterone releaseKidneys sense drop in blood pressure (due to decrease in plasma volume)Kidneys release ReninRenin is transformed to Angiotensin I, which is transformed into Angiotensin IIAngiotensin II stimulates Aldosterone release from the Adrenal Cortexo ADHSecretion Site: Posterior Pituitary GlandAction: Increased Na+ and water reabsorption in the kidneysExercise Response: Positively correlated to increase blood concentration (hemoconcentration)Effect of Chronic Exercise: decreases at given intensity compared to untrained individual- Know which hormones are involved in regulating glucose metabolism, fat metabolism, and plasma volumeo Glucagon Secretion Site: Pancreas ( cells)Action: Cause liver glycogen breakdown and glucose release to bloodExercise Response: