Dobe Ju’hoansi 2Humans & EnvironmentSubsistence StrategiesDobe Ju Subsistence StrategiesFood Producing SocietiesANTY 101D 1st Edition Lecture 22Dobe Ju’hoansi 2Humans & Environment-Natural resources -Biological resources Climate and Seasonality; variability -How does environment/habitat influence culture & behavior• Determinative• Irrelevant• Structural -Carrying capacity • How much life can be sustained • Thomas Malthus & animal species -look at animal species in their natural environment; populations increase until there are too many to survive in that environment-> reach an equilibrium • Humans don’t conform to this equilibrium -Exponential population growth-non-biological adaptations These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-What happened on Easter Island • Stripped all the resources to quickly, populations fell so quickly when they ran out• 1700s Europeans showed up- no trees or vegetation • why didn’t they reach an equilibrium?-Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) • Understanding how many animals and humans can be in an environment and how they willbehave because we want to optimize our lives• Behavioral/Cultural ecology: animal populations• How meet energetic & nutritional needs?• rationalist approach-Quantitative models (strategies & fitness) -Calories out to get the resources vs. Calories in -balanced investments • Applied to foragers-Minimize costs/maximize benefits -Successful behaviors selected for (birth spacing) • Breast feeding until 4 yr old suppresses ovulation which contributes to birth spacing • If this doesn’t work and they have a child within the next year, they will leave them to die because it would affect their ability to care for the child they already have and their ability to forage-Why doesn’t this always apply to humans • humans don’t always act rationally, but culturally Subsistence Strategies -How people get their food/nutrients• Food procurement, production, & distribution • Universal feature of societies -Labor= Time + Energy (calories)-Technology (tools & knowledge) & Raw Materials -Exchange-Creates Society:• Basis of social, economic and political systems: population gender, equality, kinship, belief systems Dobe Ju Subsistence Strategies -Gathering tools-Hunting tools • Poisonous arrows -Carrying tools• skins and hides from animals ‘-Skills• Tracking• Learn about plants• Shoot a bow-Work effort• pg. 61• More leisure time, working fewer hours -Division of Labor • Men & Women • Men don’t contribute as much -Hunting less predictable than gathering • Favorite Food: Meat, nuts • Caloric returns-Food Resources• Meat v. Plants -Insulting the Meat Ch.4 • don’t want to feel indebted to anyone • Keeps the hunter humble -not everyone has the same skills, could lead to a caste system• hunter doesn't own the meat, must share with whomever made the arrow-these people must distribute the meat: everyone gets a cut of meat-always trying to make sure the distribution is fair -Egalitarianism: equal access to resources -Food procurement= foraging (hunting and gathering) • control resource extraction • Limited carrying capacity of Landscape • Bands (50-200 people) -no political hierarchy -seasonal mobility -egalitatiran • qual access to goods (age & sex) • sedentary foragers= stratification -Food production= Pastoralism (herding) or Cultivation (horticulture or agriculture) • Domestication• Increaded labor investment• Higher yields (surpluses • Larger populations Food Producing Societies-Ownership of land and resources • Why in food producing societies?• You own things because you are putting your effort into the resources such as farming and livestock -can exclude others from because its yours -when you give away, people feel indebted to you -Consequences of resource ownership -Division of Labor-Technology -Social and Gender Stratification -Kinship systems— basis of social system, political organization and economic exchange • More restricted kinship networks • obligation to share and distribute in foraging society Women marry out and are no longer apart of that kinship; apart of husband’s kinship in food producing