PSYCH 1103 1st EditionExam #2 Study Guide Lectures: 9 - 15Lecture 9 (February 26)StressWhat is stress? What causes stress? What are types of stress? How do you measure stress?-Stress: negative emotional, cognitive, behavioral & physiological process that occurs as one adjusts to stressors -Stressor: any circumstance that disrupts (or potentially disrupts) a person’s daily functioning -Types of stressors Life changes  Catastrophic events  Acute stressors Daily hassles Chronic stressors-Measuring stress Holmes & Rahe: Social Readjustment Scale -Life Change Units (LCU)  add LCU for each instance of event within a year -Higher SRRS scores associated with negative outcomes What are physical stress responses? What are the stages of the general adaptation syndrome?-General adaptation syndrome 1. Alarm stage (flight or fight response) Increased respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure 2. Resistance stage  Increased production of steroids, shuts down unnecessary processes 3. Exhaustion stages  Final rallying of defenses, weakening of immune response, followed bydeath/breakdown Lecture 10 (March 3)Personality What is personality? Who came up with the psychodynamic theory? Describe the structure of personality.-Definition: pattern of enduring thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual -Sigmund Freud came up with the psychodynamic theory and believed there was a structure to personality Id -Fully unconscious-Contains basic instincts -Pleasure principle (seek immediate satisfaction) Ego -Both conscious and unconscious -Negotiates between id, reality, and superego (reality principle)-Threatened by anxiety, unacceptable impulses Superego-Internalized rules and values from society- Both conscious and unconscious -Uncompromising moral guide What are the ego defense mechanisms?-Repression -Rationalization -Projection -Compensation -Reaction formation -Displacement What are Freud’s stages of psychosexual development? What are fixations?-Oral stage (1st year) Mouth as source of gratification -Anal stage (2nd year) Anus as source of gratification  Toilet training-Phallic stage (3-5 years) Males: penis as source of gratification -Oedipus complex  Females: penis envy-Electra complex -Latency period (5-12 years)  Sexual urges suppressed -Genital stage (12+ years) Genitals again become source of gratification Become interested in sex -Fixations: occur if there’s failure to resolve any of these stages express stage issue in a different manner What was Carl Jung’s main belief?-Libido was a more general positive instinct Lecture 11 (March 5)Personality cont. Who was Karen Horney? What were her beliefs?-Neo-Freudian-Developed alternative conception of phallic stage  Men had womb envy because girls were the ones capable of reproducing What are the pros and cons of the psychodynamic approach?-Positives  Hugely influential in many domains Useful description of many aspects of ego-defense  Emphasis on unconscious mind -Negatives  Lack of scientific rigor -Case studies-Biased interpretations  Overemphasis on sexuality  Failure to consider females Traits What are trait approaches?-Dimensions in personality space-Traits are relatively stable in time -Traits are relatively stable over situations-Traits are continuous and combinations are unique What is the Big-Five Model?-Openness to experience-Conscientiousness-Extroversion -Agreeableness-Neuroticism What biological trait theories did Eysenck and Gray propose? -Hans Eysenck  Two main factors: introversion-extroversion and emotional-stability  Proposed differences due to physiology of nervous system -Jeffrey Gray Approach-inhibition theory: brain regions that affect sensitivity to rewards and punishment -“Go” system governs impulsivity -“Stop” system governs fearfulness What are pros and cons of trait theories?-Positives Dimensions of personality hold across cultures  Traits predict behavior  Agnostic with regards to sources of personality differences -Negatives Trait theories only describe  No explanation of how traits emerge No explanation of how traits fit into theory of individual What was Julian Rotter’s social-cognitive theory?-Expectancy theory  Personality as an interaction  Learning creates expectancies: reinforcement values  Locus of control -Degree to which environment can be controlled: internals vs. externals Lecture 12 (March 10)Personality cont.What did Albert Bandura theorize?-Observational learning Bobo doll If kids saw someone beating up bobo doll, then they would do the same -Reciprocal determinism Relationship between what you do (behavior) and your environment  Perceived self-efficacy What was the humanistic approach and what were some humanistic theories?-Emphasizes cognitions, feelings, positive development -Natural tendency towards growth-Carl Rogers Actualizing tendency: inclination towards personal growth  Self-actualization: become most fulfilled self possible  Positive regard: need for approval of others -Abraham Maslow  Hierarchy of needs: lower needs must be satisfied to move on to higher needs Deficiency motivation vs. growth motivation Psychological Disorders What defines abnormality? How does criteria for abnormality vary by?-Infrequency  Relatively few people show the behavior-Norm violation  Behavior contradicts societal norms -Personal suffering  Individual experiences discomfort and distress from behavior -Varies by Culture Context Age What is the biopsychosocial model?-Combination of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors cause mental disorders-Biological factors Anatomy and physiology of brain-Psychological factors  Thought processes that are maladaptive -Socio-cultural factors  Societal pressures and influences -Diathesis-stress Biological predisposition makes one vulnerable How do the classification systems differ in North America and elsewhere?-North America Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV Now DSM 5 -Europe and elsewhere International Classification of Diseases Lecture 13 (March 24)Psychological Disorders cont.What are axes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and what is each axis?-Axes = dimensions in which people are evaluated and placed in -Axis I: major mental disorders -Axis II: lifelong conditions -Axis III: medical