Biol 2061 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. Evolutionary changes of plant ReproductionII. Flower PartsOutline of Current Lecture I. Hierarchy of ScalesII. BiodiversityIII. ClimateIV. Area effectsV. History dispersal factorsVI. Ecological/ biotic interactionsVII. Human factorsCurrent LectureI. Hierarchy of Scales-a. Organismal-i. Individual of a speciesii. The study of individual organisms' behavior, physiology, morphology, etc. in response to environmental challenges.b. Population-i. A group of individuals of the same species interacting in the same placeii. The study of factors that affect and change the size and genetic composition of populations of organisms.c. Community-i. Group of individuals of different species interacting in the same placeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Study of how interactions among species and between species and the abiotic environment affect community structure, including species richness, species diversity and patterns of species abundance.d. Ecosystem-i. Interaction of community members with abiotic elementsii. Study of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components suchas chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals.e. Landscape- i. A group of connected ecosystemsii. Studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in theenvironment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, and organizational levels of research and policy.II. Biodiversity-a. Sum of an area’s organism, considering the diversity of species, their genes, their populations and their communitiesb. There’s no exact definitionc. Genetic diversity-i. Time and resource sensitiveii. Lots of new toolsiii. Focus tends to be individual species and close related speciesiv. Utility for management of rare speciesd. Species diversity-i. The number of species in a particular areaii. Species richness= number of speciesiii. Species evenness= extent to which numbers of different species or equal or skewediv. Species composition= the specific identity of the presente. Ecosystem diversity-i. Diversity above the species levelii. Some alternative ways to categorize include:1. Community diversity2. Habitat diversity3. Landscape diversityIII. Environmental factors-a. Climate-i. Major components-1. Temperature2. Precipitation3. Wind4. Humidity5. Cloud cover6. Lightii. Climate it long term iii. Weather is short termiv. What determines climate??1. Composition of gasses in the atmosphere and greenhouse effect2. Global circulation patterns3. Elevation4. Position on a landmassv. Greenhouse effect-1. Caused mainly by water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons.2. Effect of each gas is related to its concentration and its relative absorption.vi. Atmospheric circulation-1. Earth is round and this affect atmospheric circulation2. Differences in temperature occur due to variation in incoming solar radiation3. Earth’s surface is heated enevenlyvii. Elevation-1. Adiabatic cooling- increasing elevation leads to 10 degrees celcius for every 1000 meters2. Rain shadow- warm, moist air flows up mountain and cools releasing precipitation.a. Leeward side allows drier air to descend forming an area where precipitation is noticeably less.viii. Position and landmass-1. Climate is influenced by surface features2. Continents of varying sizes are scattered unevenly among the oceans3. Places on continents are either near or far from the ocean4. During the day, the land heats up and the air rises pulling the cooler ocean air in to replace it5. Land cools quicker than the sea and the pattern reverses6. The sea moderates coastal and island temperaturesix. Substrates differ in their ability to-1. Ability to hold water2. pH3. Nutrient availability4. Stability5. Salinity6. ToxicityIV. Area Effects-a. S= number of speciesb. A= areac. c and z or constantsd. The graph tells us that as the area gets bigger the more species there are.III. Historical and Dispersal factors-a. Did the area always have the same climate??b. Was the area connected to other areas in the past??c. Relictualism- some organisms formerly more widespread but have been left behind in relict areas while becoming locally extinct elsewhered. Traits of species and surrounding matrix affect ability to disperseIV. Ecological/ Species interactions-a. Communities structures by ecological interactions between speciesb. Not all interactions ae equally importantc. Mutualism- (+,+) bees pollinating flowersd. Commensalism- (+,0) birds nest in a treee. Predation- (+,-) a lion eating a zebraf. Amensalism- (-,0) cows trampling grassg. Competition- (-,-) planting two tomatoes next to each otherh. Keystone species- have a disproportionately large effect on an ecosystem relative to their biomassi. Ecosystem engineers- modify environment in ways that influence resource availability to the other organismsV. Human Factors-a. Habitat changeb. Climate changec. Overharvestingd. Artificial selectione. Intentional movement of speciesf. Unintentional