GEOG 2300 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 15 - 25Climate Change Lecture 15 (February 27)1. Earth’s Atmosphere as a BathtubA. Outputs: ocean absorption, soil uptake, biomass useB. Inputs: decay and respiration, plate tectonics, ocean release, fossil fuel burning, land use, cement productionC. To maintain a balanced temperature, there must be equal inputs and outputsD. Temperatures of atmosphere is determined by current level of greenhouse gasesE. Ability of oceans, soils, and biosphere to absorb CO2 decreases at they absorb moreF. Inputs are growing due to increases in population, especially of developing countriesG. Even if we decrease inputs of CO2, there will still be large amounts of CO2 in atmosphere2. Consequences of Climate ChangeA. In the northeast, temperatures predicted to riseB. Record highs are increasing in the northeastC. Melting permafrost is causing problems for northern latitudesD. Sea level rise will affect the east coast and gulf coast the mostE. Changes in precipitation as wellF. Migrating of seasonsLecture 16 (March 2) 3. BiodiversityA. More extinctions B. Antarctica: less silverfish  less Adelie penguins, more egg failuresC. Bleaching of coral reefs from increase of temperature of 1-2 degrees C, coral ejects blue green algae when it’s too hot, then the coral can’t surviveD. Oceans are becoming more acidic, carbon dioxide dissolved in water makes the water more acidic, coral dissolves in acidE. Plants take in carbon dioxide, but can only take in so much and grow so much, carbon in plants gets put back in atmosphere when plants die, less carbon dioxide in the soil when plants take it from soilF. Seasons are getting longer because of warming temperatures, trees getleaves earlier, plants flower earlier, pollen seasons are longerG. Increasing temperatures increase the range of mosquitoes (and other carriersof disease) and the range of tropical diseasesH. Global climate change can cause unforeseen events: disruption of gulf stream(water will stop sinking (down-welling) in the north  stops the whole process  much colder in northern Europe)4. Positive FeedbacksA. Positive feedbacks speed up processes: melted ice creates ponds and more water, which then absorbs more light and more ice and permafrost meltsB. Forest fires in the dry boreal forests (Siberia, Canada, northern latitudes), releases carbon dioxide and less trees left to absorb carbon dioxideC. Higher temperatures causes a wide range of pests and more trees die which leaves more carbon dioxide in the atmosphereD. Oceans warm and cannot absorb as much carbon dioxide and may release carbon dioxideE. Undersea methane is tipped over stability point from warmer waters and turns gaseous, which is then released into the atmosphere5. Other feedbacksA. Negative feedback: emitted radiation from the earth is proportional to temperature to the 4th power (a small increase in temperature makes a large increase in radiation)B. Uncertain feedbacks: evaporation: more evaporation, more water vapor, but just rains out, more clouds to reflect radiation away or hold heat in; aerosols: drier climates, more aerosols, more light reflected; vegetation: increased temperatures and carbon dioxide can increase or decrease vegetation, which affects albedo and carbon dioxide absorption6. Climate Change and HumansA. Developed nations emit more carbon dioxide than developing countriesB. Climate change can cause disasters, that’s why we care about itLecture 17 (March 4)7. Mitigation of Climate ChangeA. Use cleaner energy, burning coal causes a lot of pollution, use wind or solar instead, but it costs more money to begin withB. Less greenhouse gases  less serious climate change effectsC. Sequestering carbon in trees, planting trees to take up more carbonD. Carbon management, manage the carbon emitted, pump it underground (new, could cause seismic activity)E. Fertilizing the ocean with iron, phytoplankton thrive on more iron and they take in carbon dioxide, but when phytoplankton die they decay and create methane, idea didn’t work8. Adaptation of Climate ChangeA. Coastal populations, because of rising sea levels, have to move inland or construct leveesB. Adapt to shifting agricultural zones, places getting drier and can’t grow nearlyas much9. Ozone DepletionA. Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs UV radiation B. The ozone is thinning, hole in the ozone layer over the Antarctic C. CFC’s were thinning the ozone (also halon), used in aerosols, packing peanuts, refrigeratorsD. Halon still used in airplane fire retardant systemsE. Ozone depletion causes more instances of skin cancerF. Montreal Protocol: reduction in CFC’sG. Smuggling CFC’s is still a problem, but CFC’s are used a lot lessWinds1. WindA. Part of weather, moves air aroundB. Cause hazards, creates energy, used for transportationC. Saharan dust: gets blown into the ocean and can cause corals to die as far away as the Caribbean, airborne particles can cause health problems, cause contribute to red tideD. Atmospheric forces that create wind: gravity: pulls air down to earth, pressure gradient force: air moves from high pressure to low pressure, coriolis force: rotation of the earth deflects path of moving air, friction: roughness of surface can slow down earthE. Gravity: higher pressure closer to earth’s surface, pressure decreases rapidly with increased altitudeF. Atmospheric pressure: atmosphere that is held down by gravity exerts a forceupon every surface, measured with barometer, pressure = force per unit area G. Pressure gradient: differences in air pressure, variation of pressure over space, air moves horizontally from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure: air movement = wind Lecture 18 (March 6)2. Atmospheric PressureA. Low Pressure: warm air rises from surface, rising air causes lower air pressureat surface, regions of low pressure are also called convergent because air converges from surrounding high pressure regionsB. High pressure: cool dry air descends from troposphere, descending dense air causes high pressure at the surface, regions of high pressure are also called divergent because air diverges from high to surrounding low pressure regionsC. Air moves from high to low pressureD. Convective loop: movement at surface and in the atmosphere; stable atmosphere, an area is heated and expands up, upper level air moves from high to low pressure, surface air moves from high to low pressureE. Air pressure decreases