Biol 2110 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 8-10Lecture 8 (March 4)Staphylococcus- General characteristics of staph: along with the bullets know, normal flora, no flagella, prefer 02- Optimum temp: body temp.- True pathogen- Broad pH range- Virulence factors: Protein A coats the cell surface, bound coagulase, synthesize polysaccharide slime layers- Enzyme examples: coagulase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, DNase, lipases, penicillinase- Toxin examples: hemolysins, leukocidin, enterotoxin, exfoliative toxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin- 3 categories of staph diseases: noninvasive, cutaneous, and systemic- Localized to systemic: know all the skin infections!- Impetigo: most common in children- Toxigenic disease: food intoxication, SSS, TSS- Systemic infection examples: osteomyelitis, bacteremia (bone and blood poisoning)- Superantigen effects- Staph – it’s everywhere and can’t be avoided, healthy people can be carriers, MRSA- Identifying staph: know bullet points on slide, also grows on agar plate and DNA fingerprint- Know diagnosis, treatment, and prevention- 95% have penicillinase Lecture 9&10 (March 18&25) Eukaryotes- Evolved through symbiosis- Flagella and cilia – do not rotate, but undulate rhythmically (wave like motion)- Glycocalyces – help anchor animal cells to each other and provide protection against dehydration- Cell Wall:o Fungi – thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers and thin layer of glycanso Algae – varies in chemical position- Cell (Plasma) Membrane – selectively permeable barrier- Nucleus – most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cell, 2 membrane nuclear envelope – DNA (chromatin), nucleolus: rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly- ER – smooth and rough- Golgi – vesicles from ER containing proteins for modification and maturation- Nucleus (transcription)  RER  Golgi  Secretion- Lysosomes – digestive enzymes- Peroxisomes – enzymes that degrade poisonous wastes, store and transfer chemicals within cells, may store nutrients in cell- Mitochondria – outer membrane and inner membrane with folds called cristae (hold molecules necessary for ETC of aerobic respiration), divide independently of cell, DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes, energy production (ATP)- Chloroplast – thylakoids – stacked into grana, photosynthetic pigments, convert energy of light into chemical energy through photosynthesis, DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes- BOTH mitochondria and chloroplast have DNA and 70S ribosomes – support the theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells due to endosymbiosis- Ribosomes – rRNA and proteins, 40S and 60S form 80S ribosomes, larger, scattered in cytoplasm or in RER, protein synthesis- Cytoskeleton – framework of proteins – microfilaments, intermediate filament and microtubules, movement of organelles, amoeboid movement, transport, and structural support- Eukaryotic microbes: fungi, algae, protozoa, parasitic worms- Microscopic fungi: o 2 morphologies: yeast and hyphaeo Dimorphico No photosynthesiso Cell wall of chitino Steroid Ergosterol- Filamentous fungi – mycelium and septa- Pseudohyphae- Cryptococcus – large polysaccharide capsule- Fungal reproduction – through spores, asexual- Classification: 5 phyla – Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Zygomycota- Know about lichens- Nutrition: saprobes and mycoses- Roles of Fungi: adverse impact, beneficial impact- Athelete’s Foot, Aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, ergotism- Superficial vs. systemic- Know cordyceps- MicroAlgae-Microphyte: phytoplankton- Diatoms – frustules, diatomite- Dinoflagellates – pfiesteria- Protozoa – lack a cell wall, unicellular, trophozoite, cyst, identified through motility, reproduction, and life cycle- Trichomonas – STD chlamydia, know men vs. women, treatable- Trypanosoma – Sleeping sickness, vector is tsetse fly, signs and symptoms- Chagus Disease – T. Cruzi, vector is kissing bugs, acute vs. chronic- Giardia – most frequent diagnosed intenstinal parasitic disease in USA- Amoeba – unicellular, no shape – pseudopods, endoplasm and ectoplasm- Amebiasis – bloody diarrhea, entamoeba histolytica- Brain eating amoeba – naegleria fowleri, PAM- Balamuthia mandrillans – mortality rate <95%- Acanthamoeba – rare, sever infection of eye, skin, and CNS- Balantidium coli – intestinal, asymptomatic- Toxoplasmosis – gondii, mostly pregnant and immunocompromised, cat litter box disease- Cryptosporidium – very tolerant to chlorine disinfection, watery diarrhea, 1993 Milwaukee outbreak- Helminths – well-developed sex organs- Major groups:o Cestodes – tapewormso Trematodes – flukeso Nematodes – roundworms- Schistosomiasis – trematodes, know symptoms, chronic- Lymphatic filariasis – elephantiasis, nematodes, vector is mosquitoes, lymphedema, hardening and thickening of the skin- Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD’s) – poor people, impair physical and cognitive development, bacterial, viral, and protozoan*****Also be sure you know how to convert in the metric system, read the extra credit articles from the link from the syllabus, study the quizlet vocabulary and you should ace this exam,