KIN 3305 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 10 17 Exam 3 Review 4 SCHOLASTIC AND YOUTH SPORT PROGRAMS I Overview Organized Sport Programs for Children II a Organized sport in North America and Europe i Developed for more than health fitness and recreational enjoyment ii Practical uses were envisioned b Sport Team Sports and the Tiering Effect i Designed to teach lower class boys how to cooperate and work together peacefully ii Designed to turn middle and upper class boys into strong assertive and competitive men future leaders Early Goals of Organized Sport Programs a Lower Class Boys i Potential Outcomes 1 Productive 2 Cooperative 3 Obedient ii Career Outcomes 1 Production 2 Service 3 Laborers 4 Blue collar workers b Middle Upper Class Boys i Potential Outcomes 1 Strong 2 Assertive 3 Competitive ii Career Outcomes 1 Business 2 Military 3 Politics 4 Leaders c Girls III IV V i Encouraged to participate in girly activities and noncompetitive games tennis ii Activities designed to train them to become mothers and homemakers iii Domestic sciences had a higher priority than sport skills more functional iv Sport interests basically ignored v Relegated to spectator and cheerleading roles Youth Sport Development a Evolved dramatically after WWII b Little League Baseball was exception 1939 c Exponential growth during the 1950s and 1960s d Aided by public private and commercial sponsors e Programs primarily for boys 8 14 f Factors i Baby Boom ii Kraus Webber Test 1953 iii Cold War era iv Sputnik 1957 v Eisenhower Kennedy Administrations vi Eisenhower establishes President s Council on Youth Fitness now called President s Council on Fitness Sport Nutrition Major societal changes occur in late 1960s and 1970s a Segregation ruled illegal Racial integration in effect b Female sport participation increased dramatically c Impetus for increased participation i Fitness Movement ii Women s Movement iii Title XI d Americans strongly support YSP 90 i Yet misgivings exist about YSP outcomes 85 1 Respondents noted that coaches took games too seriously 2 Too much emphasis placed on winning 3 Not enough emphasis on physical and psychological development of participation Coakley 1994 The Rise of Organized Adult Controlled YSP a Perceived Benefits i Vehicle for keeping kids occupied out of trouble and under adult control ii Safe alternative to hanging out without adult supervision iii Functional role of sport 1 Future fame fortune 2 Scholarship potential 3 Socialization identity 4 Discipline structure VI VII Major Trends a Privatization i YSP rely heavily on private and commercial organizations for financial support ii Performance Ethic performance driven 1 Technical skills development highly emphasized b Increase in Private Elite Training Facilities i Specialized programs for highly skilled affluent youth c Increased Parent Involvement i Activities have become more serious for kids and parents d Alternative Action Programs i Disenchantment with conventional sport forms Privatization Trends of YSP a b c d VIII IX More reliant upon private and commercial entities Fewer tax supported or subsidized programs Public park and recreation centers forced to charge Public facilities forced to scale back activity offerings drop programs and close facilities completely due to budgetary constraints i City wide soccer programs ii Public pools Issues Besetting Contemporary YSP a Financial Shortfalls i Pay for play corporate support solicitation and fundraisers become the norm b Selective and Exclusive Programs i Often cater to only those who can afford to pay disparate impact or defacto discrimination ii Participation opportunities limited c Private Programs Attract Financially Affluent i Can perpetuate inequities hostilities and contempt ii Segregation and social class divisions often occur 1 Coakley 86 88 Performance Ethic Driven Programs a Basic Characteristics i Emphasis primarily placed on activity outcomes ii Progressive skill development highly emphasized iii Performance becomes a measured outcome iv Fun defined by personal improvement and success v Often private and or selective vi Affective concerns feelings secondary b Read Huffington Post Privatization of Youth Sport i http www huffingtonpost com clark power separate and unequal the X 1 b 6344644 html c Outcomes i Programs often exclusive and emphasize competition more so than public programs ii Programs often market themselves on successful graduates iii Physically superior kids most often recruited and attracted 1 Expenses and training viewed as investments 2 Connections drawn between childhood sport involvement and future educational and vocational activities iv Sport specialization strongly encouraged 1 Year round commitments via memberships and fees 2 Referred to as training schools clubs academies camps 3 Similar to specialized schools in Europe and Asia which cater to elite competitions in figure skating gymnastics tennis ice hockey soccers and swimming v Detrimental Concerns 1 Over involvement can lead to injuries and maladies e g Okino 2 Specialization can lead social isolation 3 Hyper commitment can lead to malevolent behavior 4 Performance driven ethic can lead to lowered self esteem 5 Training schedules can emulate jobs child labor issues 6 Residential training facilities may foster dependence d Alternative Sport Forms AKA Action Sports i Etiology promotes departure from conventional programs 1 Constraints and controls of adult sponsored YSP 2 Exclusivity and performance oriented aspects of YSP 3 Rigid and extensive structure of conventional YSP ii Growth rationale 1 house rules structure 2 participant controlled activities 3 flexible facilities and equipment 4 inclusive nature iii Activities 1 Skateboarding snowboarding trick cycling 2 X Games Gravity Games Dew Action Sports Tour Informal and Formal YSP Experiences a Research on Youth Sport Experiences Coakley 2009 i Highlights studies of kids sport experiences ii Informal and formal sport structures analyzed iii Results give insight into strengths and weaknesses iv Data secured via observations and interviews b Key Findings in Informal Sport Experiences XI XII XIII XIV i Action which led to a score ii Personal involvement playing iii Challenging contest e g close scores iv Reaffirmation of friends bonding Unique Aspects of Informal Games a Structure i Games and rules often resembled organized programs ii Rule modifications made to enhance action iii Handicap systems employed to equalize