CEE 1030 1st Edition Exam #2 Study Guide Terms and outline lecture 9:Relative dating Absolute dating Atomic number Mass number Radioactivity Parent DaughterClosed system Alpha decay Beta decay Electron captureElectrons Protons Half life-each atom as a nucleus containing protons and neutrons -electrons=negative charge, protons= positive charge, neutrons= no charge - three common types of radioactive decay: alpha, beta, electrons capturealpha decay: loss of 2n + 2p, atomic mass (top number on left of element) goes down by four, atomic number goes down twobeta decay: n p+ electron, atomic number goes up by one, atomic mass stays thesameelectron capture: p+ electron  n, opposite of beta, atomic number goes down by oneTerms and outline lecture 10:Structural geology Outcrop Strike Dip Drilling Seismic reflection Deformation Stress Strain Elastic deformationJoints Faults Hanging wall Footwall MonoclinesDome Basin - important to know structure and type of rock units - two methods of determining what’s below the surface: drilling and seismic reflection - deformation: general term for all changes of the original form or size of a rock unit - two most common forms of deformation: folding and faulting - folds can be anticline (upfolded in arch) or syncline (downfolded into trough)- factors that influence the strength of a rock and how it will deform: temperature, confining pressure, rock minerals, time Terms and outline lecture 11:Earthquake SeismicFault Elastic rebound Seismographs Body waves Surface waves Primary waves Secondary waves Focus Epicenter Intensity Magnitude Richter sale Moment magnitude LiquefactionTsunamis - seismograph= tool that records seismic waves by the movement of earth relative to a stationary mass - two types of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves- body waves= travel through interior (P and S waves types of body waves) primary waves (fastest seismic wave) secondary waves (travel at half the speed of P waves, can’t travel through water)- surface waves= travel over the earth’s surface, responsible for most of earthquake damage love waves (side to side motion)  Rayleigh waves (up and down motion) - richter scale= based on amplitude of largest seismic wave recorded, adjusted for distance to epicenter- eachrichter unit of magnitude increase corresponds to a tenfold increase in wave amplitude and a 32-fold energy increase - earthquake damage: extent of structural damage due to earthquake shaking depends on 1. Depth of earthquake, 2. Intensity and duration of the vibrations, 3. Nature of the material the structure rests on, 4. Design of the structure, 5. Quality of construction Terms and outline Lecture 12: Synclinal Geometric evidence Fossil evidence Paleoclimate evidenceGeological evidence Lithosphere Asthenosphere Polar wandering Divergent Convergent Subduction zones Continental rifting Slab pull Oceanic oceanic convergence Transform fault boundaries - divergent plates move apart and create new lithosphere - convergent plates collide and one is pulled into the mantle and recycled subduction zone, rock becomes more dense as it ages and cools, type of convergent boundary - oceanic- continental convergence: a piece of oceanic lithosphere collides withcontinental lithosphere, result= continental lithosphere is less dense than oceanic lithosphere - oceanic- oceanic convergence: two ocean lithospheres collide, result= one will be subducted while the other remains as lithosphere Terms and outline lecture 13: Seismology The core Inner coreOuter core Early differentiation Oceanic crust Continental crust Lithosphere Asthenosphere Conduction Convention - Tau Tona deepest mine 3902m, deepest drill 12 km- Iron= only common element in the solar system that has the right density to form core - The mantle= solid rocky shell that extends to depth of 1800 miles, 82% of earth’s volume, peridotite- Conduction: heat transferred through crust - Convection: heat transferred through mantle - Major sources of internal heat: heat from radioactive decay of isotopes of Uranium, Thorium, Potassium heat released as iron crystallized to form solid inner core heat released by colliding particles during the formation of earth Terms and outline lecture 14: Passive continental margin Active continental margin Continental shield Continental platforms Dome Basin Orogeny or orogenesis- oceanic crust and continental crust part of same tectonic plate (no volcanoes, rare earthquakes) - oceanic crust and continental crust part of different tectonic plates (lots of volcanoes and earthquakes - orogeny or orogenesis= process that collectively produce a mountain belt: folding, faulting, magmatism and metamorphism - most mountain building= convergent plate boundaries - continental crust= andesitic composition - oceanic crust= basaltic composition - how continents grow: accretion of terranes: small crustal fragments collide and merge with continental margins Terms and outline lecture 15:Mass wasting Angle of repose Weathering Low-friction surfaceHigh- friction surface Oversteepened slopeLiquefaction Fall SlideFlowDebris avalanche Earth flow Debris flow Lahar Creep Solifluction- angle of repose: steepest angle at which a pile of unconsolidated sediment remains stable - small amount of water= increases angle of repose/ cohesion - large amount of water= no cohesion, decrease angle of repose - mass wasting processes depend on: type of material- rock vs regolith type of motion- fall vs creep rate of movement- fast vs slow - type of material: rock, debris, earth - rock: descending material began as bedrock - debris: descending material began as regolith, more coarse particles- earth: descending material began as regolith, more fine particles - creep: slow motion, flow type - flow: fast motion, flow type - avalanche: very fast motion, flow type - debris flow: downslope movement containing rock/ soil - earthflow: slower than debris, material strays mostly cohesive Terms and outline lecture 16:Hydrologic cycle Evaporation Transpiration Precipitation Infiltration Runoff Running water Erosion TransportDeposition Laminar flow Turbulent flow Drainage basin Drainage network Divide Base level CapacityCompetence Bars braided Alluvial fan Delta Stream valley - hydrologic cycle: evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, infiltration, runoff - infiltration controlled by intensity and duration of precipitation, soil saturation level prior