SWES 210 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Lecture 1 - Pathogens and waterborne diseaseso Fecal coliform= indicate fecal contamination (non pathogenic organisms)o Bacterial pollution= #1 cause of human health problems than any other water pollution- Pathogens and human health problemso 1 billlion without safe water (86% of people world wide now have safe water)o 2.6 billion with inadequate sewer/ sanitary facilities (kills 5 million per year)o solutions= disinfect drinking water, treat sewage, public edu. To encourage personal hygiene, gov. regulationso pathogens= causes most severe human health problems- treating wastewatero wastewater= water previously used. Treated before being released into environmento septic systems= most popular method of wastewater disposal in rural areas underground septic tanks= separate solids from liquids water drains into drain field (where microbes decompose pollutants) solid waste pumped out and landfilledo steps in treatment screens and grit tank primary clarifier (oil greases and solids removed) aeration basin (microbes consume organic matter) secondary clarifier (remaining oils/greases and solids removed) filtering disinfection (water treated with chlorine and/ or UV light)o products of treatment= sludge, methane rich gas (burned to generate electricity),reclaimed water (water landscapes)Lecture 2 - agriculture= practice of raising crops and livestock for human consumptiono 1 in 3 acres used for farming (cropland and rangeland)o types=  subsistence- producing for ones self or small group traditional- aid of human and animal labor for farming profit and production industrial-machines used to increase supply and profit (industrial revolution)- soil= complex ecosystem of mineral matter (50%), organic matter (5%) and air/water (45%)o takes 500-1000 years to build one inch of topsoilo 5 influences of soil deposition climate organisms relief parent material time- differences between soilo color= dark brown or black soils for rich organic matter, pale soil has little organic matter. Red soils is oxidized, grey soils have lack of oxygeno size= sand, silt, and clayo porosity=large particles have high porosity which is an increase in water flow. Soils with small particles have little water and air flow. Plants need distributions on pore sizes. Silt is the best material to plant in- other differenceso structure= tight vs. loose compaction (mix of clumps and pores)o pH= acidic vs. alkaline (acids can remove nutrients)o regional soil differences: ie. Amazon vs. Iowa= Iowa has better soil because rain forests (amazon) have very acidic soils so the soil cannot retain any nutrients necessary for agriculture- soil profile= soil horizon has physical characteristics that differ from layer to layer o organic litter layerA horizon (top soil) B horizon (sub soil, organic matter)Chorizon (parent material)o topsoil most important for plant growth- soil erosiono erosion= removal and transportation of material to another location by wind or watero deposition= deposit of eroded material at new locationo erosion happens faster than deposition= net loss of soilso plant cover helps block wind, reduce runoff since the roots help anchor the soil (unhealthy soils have no plant cover and leads to an increase in erosion)o desertification= loss of soil productivity due to erosion, compaction, forest removal, water depletion, climate change (middle east to china) and leads to more dry soil (Ie. The dust bowl= less water meant less soil particle stickiness andhigh winds)- soil conservationo crop rotation= rotating areas of land for agriculture each yearo contour farming= following slopeso terracing= avoids surface run off by creating “steps” in the slopeo intercropping= planting in every other row, switch off every yearo shelter belts= block windso cover crop=similar to no till- govt. policy= conserving soil takes time and most farmers cant afford to wait. The government provides subsidies to farmers which promotes poor practices such as draining wetlands. However, conservation reserve programs pay farmers to plant trees over land instead of farming in order to regenerate soils.Lecture 3- world food production since 1960= increased due to the green revolution (increase yields without increasing the amount of land needed)o Borlaug= rust and disease resistant weeds, shuttle breedingo Selectively bred wheat to decrease stem height (semi dwarf) and incorporate resistance traits to pestso Monoculture= large expanses of single cropo 90% of our food comes from 15 crops and 8 livestock species- nutrients and fertilizerso 16 elements necessary for plant grown macronutrients= nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur micronutrients= boron, copper, iron, chlorine, manganese, molybdenum, zinco photosynthesis= primary productivity (CO2 + H20 + solar energy= C6H12O6(sugar) +O2) need N to build proteins, P to allow ATP in order to build other molecules NITROGEN MOST IMPORTANT LIMITING FACTOR Iron is effective limiting nutrient in open ocean (low solubility)= Haida salmon restoration corporation (HSRC)- iron fertilization off british Columbiao Algae blooms= nitrogen input phytoplankton flourish at surface and dead onessink to bottom which allow more food for bacteria to decompose= microbial decomposer population grows and consumes more O2 insufficient O2 for other aquatic organisms (fish)= hypoxic zone/ dead zone forms Over 400 dead zones worldwide (coasts of Europe and US due to farm, city, and industrial populations) Pollution of Mississippi river allowed phytoplankton to grow in the gulf= dead zoneLecture 4- Green revolution monoculture farming- Pests get innate resistance by..o Mutations= genetic diversityo Selection acts on the diversityo Most pests are killed. Those with innate resistance survive- Genes to proteins= DNA RNAribosomeo Trna bring protein building blocks (amino acids)o Segments of DNA called genes, genes code for proteins- Herbicide resistance= roundup ready seeds: seeds that are genetically modified to withstand application of the round-up herbicides (glyphosate)o How it works: plant round up seeds, spray field with round up and weeds are killed, crop is now resistanto Palmer amaranth (pigweed) example of how weeds develop roundup resistance- Biocontrol= uses a pest predators to control the pest which reduces pest populations without chemicals and